Epoch

An epoch is a predefined period of time in a blockchain network during which certain operations, such as block validation, staking rewards distribution, or validator selection, take place. In Proof-of-Stake (PoS) blockchains, like Ethereum 2.0 and Cardano, an epoch often represents the time during which validators are chosen and staking rewards are calculated. An epoch is important for maintaining the rhythm and consistency of a blockchain. For example, in Ethereum’s Beacon Chain, epochs help organize validator duties and optimize block production. Once an epoch concludes, the blockchain moves to the next epoch, and certain parameters may be adjusted, such as validator rotations or staking rewards. The concept of epochs is also used in machine learning and AI to describe training periods.