Bull Market Returns, Can Ethereum's Pectra Upgrade Turn the Tide?

By: blockbeats|2025/04/24 07:15:03
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Original Article Title: Ethereum's Path Forward
Original Article Author: @YashasEdu
Original Article Translation: zhouzhou, BlockBeats

Editor's Note: Ethereum is facing fierce competition from new public chains like Solana, with the price not hitting a new all-time high and activity decreasing. The Pectra upgrade and the RISC-V proposal aim to improve scalability, reduce costs, and maintain security and compatibility. Meanwhile, Solana is rapidly rising with its high efficiency and low cost, challenging Ethereum's position.

The following is the original content (slightly reorganized for better readability):

Ethereum has not seen a new all-time high in price in 2025, with the ETH/BTC exchange rate hitting a five-year low (0.02), and narratives of L2 and re-staking competition have not effectively boosted its value. At the same time, transaction fees have also dropped to the lowest level since 2020, with an average of only $0.36 per transaction.

Bull Market Returns, Can Ethereum's Pectra Upgrade Turn the Tide?

With a surge in @solana users (daily active users reaching 3.25 million, while Ethereum is only at 410,000), daily transaction volume is far ahead (35.99 million transactions vs Ethereum's 1.13 million transactions), making many people curious: where will this world's second-largest chain go from here?

Two major upgrades that could reshape Ethereum's future


1. Upcoming Pectra Upgrade
2. Vitalik's proposal to use RISC-V technology to replace the existing EVM

Pectra Upgrade (Expected to launch on May 7, 2025)

The Pectra upgrade combines the two updates that were originally separate (the "Prague" for the execution layer and the "Electra" for the consensus layer) into a comprehensive upgrade, consisting of a total of 11 EIPs, with the goal of improving Ethereum's scalability, efficiency, and security.

Three Core Improvements of Pectra

1. Enhanced Scalability

Introducing PeerDAS and Verkle Trees technology, significantly enhancing transaction processing capability

Optimizing data storage to reduce node operating costs

Hash tree technology speeds up network synchronization

2. Lower Transaction Costs

Reduced network congestion is expected to lead to a substantial decrease in Gas fees

EIP-7702 enables account abstraction, allowing users to pay Gas with stablecoins rather than just ETH

Batch transactions and custom security features improve wallet experience

3. Enhanced Staking Mechanism

EIP-7251 increases the maximum staking amount for each validator from 32 ETH to 2048 ETH, promoting institutional participation and reducing operating costs

EIP-6110 migrates staking processing for validators to the execution layer, reducing validator activation time by approximately 48 hours

RISC-V Proposal (Long-Term Disruption?)

Vitalik recently proposed a more radical idea: replacing the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) with RISC-V technology, which would fundamentally change how Ethereum executes smart contracts.

What is RISC-V?

RISC-V is an open-source Instruction Set Architecture (basically the language that tells a processor how to execute commands).

Unlike Ethereum's exclusive EVM, RISC-V's advantages include:

Fully open-source and free

Widely used in mainstream computing hardware

More suitable for complex computations

More friendly to zero-knowledge proof (zk) technology

Why Replace EVM?

1. Substantial Performance Improvement:

RISC-V is expected to increase execution efficiency by 100 times.

Transaction fees will significantly decrease.

Private transactions and cross-chain functionality will become more feasible.

2. Better Support for ZK Technology:

The current zkEVM system must first convert EVM instructions to RISC-V before generating zero-knowledge proofs, resulting in a computation burden 100 to 1000 times heavier.

Native support for RISC-V will bypass this conversion step.

For example, @SuccinctLabs' zkVM (SP1) can directly run smart contracts using RISC-V.

Summary: In the current context where L2 narratives and re-staking fervor have failed to drive ETH performance, the Pectra upgrade and RISC-V plan may be Ethereum's new "breakthrough" key points. The former is a practical update for short-term efficiency improvements and fee reductions, while the latter is a long-term revolution of the underlying structure of smart contracts.

3. Developer Continuity:


Developers can still use Solidity or Vyper to write smart contracts
These languages only need to target RISC-V as a new backend
The user experience will see almost no significant changes

4. Implementation Timeline:


This is not an immediate implementation change. Vitalik's proposal represents a long-term vision, expected to:


Be gradually implemented, taking approximately 2-3 years
Maintain the old system (EVM interpreter) during the transition period
Ultimately make Ethereum competitive with efficient chains like Solana and Monad

What Does This Mean for Ethereum's Future?

Ethereum is facing a survival challenge: while maintaining its leading position as the primary smart contract platform, it must address the performance bottlenecks that some emerging blockchains have successfully overcome.

The Pectra upgrade addresses the urgent issues in staking, transaction costs, and user experience, while the RISC-V proposal focuses on Ethereum's fundamental execution architecture, aiming to provide a technical foundation for competing with faster public chains while retaining its security and decentralized advantages.

For users, these changes ultimately mean

Increased transaction processing speed

Lower fees

More possibilities for new applications (such as on-chain AI, privacy features)

Better scalability without sacrificing security

By advancing performance enhancement plans while preserving compatibility with existing applications, Ethereum is attempting to evolve without abandoning its core principles and ecosystem.

However, whether these changes are enough to maintain its market position in the face of faster-growing competitors remains to be seen.

If not Ethereum, then who? The latest data shows that the competitive landscape is undergoing significant changes. While the top ten DeFi protocols still operate on Ethereum, we have also seen warning signals of its diminishing lead.

Projects like @jito_sol and @JupiterExchange are rapidly growing on other chains, and @convergeonchain (Ethena's RWA public chain) has completely moved away from the Ethereum ecosystem. These dynamics indicate that Ethereum's leading position is not set in stone, raising a key question.

What future technological breakthroughs does Ethereum need to maintain its competitiveness?

According to @nansen_ai's data, Solana recently surpassed Ethereum in total staked value (a significant milestone for the SOL ecosystem), indicating that institutions' confidence in Solana's staking infrastructure is rapidly growing.

At the same time, Solana outperformed all other blockchains in first-quarter 2025 revenue performance while still maintaining extremely low transaction fees. This combination of "high revenue + low user cost" showcases Solana's efficient economic model.

These advancements undoubtedly put greater pressure on Ethereum's technological roadmap. Despite the Pectra upgrade and the potential RISC-V transition aimed at addressing Ethereum's scalability and cost issues, Solana, with its current architecture, continues to attract market attention and share.

Source: Original Article Link

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$COIN Joins S&P 500, but Coinbase Isn't Celebrating

On May 13, S&P Dow Jones Indices announced that Coinbase would officially replace Discover Financial Services in the S&P 500 on May 19. While other companies like Block and MicroStrategy, closely tied to Bitcoin, were already part of the S&P 500, Coinbase became the first cryptocurrency exchange whose primary business is in the index. This also signifies that cryptocurrency is gradually moving from the fringes to the mainstream in the U.S.



On the day of the announcement, Coinbase's stock price surged by 23%, surpassing the $250 mark. However, just 3 days later, Coinbase was hit by two consecutive events: a hack where employees were bribed to steal customer data and a demand for a $20 million ransom, and an investigation by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) into the authenticity of its claim of having over 100 million "verified users" in its securities filings and marketing materials. These two events acted as mini-bombs, and at the time of writing, Coinbase's stock had already dropped by over 7.3%.


Coincidentally, Discover Financial Services, being replaced by Coinbase, can also be considered the "Coinbase" of the previous payment era. Discover is a U.S.-based digital banking and payment services company headquartered in Illinois, founded in 1960. Its payment network, Discover Network, is the fourth largest payment network apart from Visa, Mastercard, and American Express.


In April, after the approval of the acquisition of Discover by the sixth-largest U.S. bank, Capital One, this well-established digital banking company of over 60 years smoothly handed over its S&P 500 "seat" to this emerging cryptocurrency "bank." This unexpected coincidence also portrayed the handover between the new and old eras in Coinbase's entry into the S&P 500, resembling a relay race scene. However, this relay baton also brought Coinbase's accumulated "external troubles and internal strife" to a tipping point.


Side Effects of ETFs


Over the past decade, cryptocurrency exchanges have been the most stable "profit machines." They play a role in providing liquidity to the entire industry and rely on trading fees to sustain their operations. However, with the comprehensive rollout of ETF products in the U.S. market, this profit model is facing unprecedented challenges. As the leader in the "American stack," with over 80% of its business coming from the U.S., Coinbase is most affected by this.



Starting from the approval of Bitcoin and Ethereum spot ETFs, traditional financial capital has significantly onboarded users and funds that originally belonged to exchanges in a more cost-effective, compliant, and transparent manner. The transaction fee revenue of cryptocurrency exchanges has started to decline, and this trend may further intensify in the coming months.


According to Coinbase's 2024 Q4 financial report, the platform's total trading revenue was $417 million, a 45% year-on-year decrease. The contribution of BTC and ETH's trading revenue dropped from 65% in the same period last year to less than 50%.


This decline is not a result of a decrease in market enthusiasm. In fact, since the approval of the Bitcoin ETF in January 2024, the inflow of BTC into the U.S. market has continued to reach new highs, with asset management giants like BlackRock and Fidelity rapidly expanding their management scale. Data shows that BlackRock's iShares Bitcoin ETF (IBIT) alone has surpassed $17 billion in assets under management. As of mid-May 2025, the cumulative net inflow of 11 major institutional Bitcoin spot ETFs on the market has exceeded $41.5 billion, with a total net asset value of $1214.69 billion, accounting for approximately 5.91% of the total Bitcoin market capitalization.


Chart showing the trend of net outflows for Grayscale among the 11 institutions


Institutional investors and some retail investors are shifting towards ETF products, partly due to compliance and tax considerations. On one hand, ETFs have much lower trading costs compared to cryptocurrency exchanges. While Coinbase's spot trading fee rate varies annually in a tiered manner but averages around 1.49%, for example, the management fee for IBIT ETF is only 0.25%, and the majority of ETF institution fees fluctuate around 0.15% to 0.25%.



In other words, the more rational users are, the more likely they are to move from exchanges to ETF products, especially for investors aiming for long-term holdings.


According to multiple sources, several institutions, including VanEck and Grayscale, have submitted applications to the SEC for a Solana (SOL) ETF, with some institutions also planning to submit an XRP ETF proposal. Once approved, this may trigger a new round of fund migration. According to a report submitted by Coinbase to the SEC, as of April, the platform's trading revenue from XRP and Solana accounted for 18% and 10%, nearly one-third of the platform's fee revenue.



However, the Bitcoin and Ethereum ETFs passed in 2024 also reduced the fees for these two tokens on Coinbase from 30% and 15% to 26% and 10%, respectively. If the SOL and XRP ETFs are approved, it will further undermine the core fee revenue of exchanges like Coinbase.


The expansion of ETF products is gradually weakening the financial intermediary status of cryptocurrency exchanges. From their original roles as matchmakers and clearers to now gradually becoming mere "on-ramps and off-ramps" for funds, exchanges are seeing their marginal value squeezed by ETFs.


Robinhood Takes a Stand, Traditional Brokerages Join the Fray


On May 12, 2025, SEC Chairman Paul S. Atkins gave a keynote speech at the Tokenization and Cryptocurrency Working Group roundtable. The theme of his speech revolved around "It is a new day at the SEC," where he indicated that the SEC would not approach enforcement and regulation the same way as before but would instead pave the way for cryptocurrency assets in the U.S. market.



With signs of cryptocurrency compliance such as the SEC's "NEW DAY" declaration, an increasing number of traditional brokerages are attempting to enter the cryptocurrency industry. One of the most representative cases is the well-known U.S. brokerage Robinhood, which began expanding its crypto business in 2018. By the time of its IPO in 2021, Robinhood's crypto business revenue accounted for over 50% of the company, with a significant boost from the Dogecoin "moonshot" promoted by Musk.


In Q1 2025 earnings report, Robinhood showcased strong growth, especially in revenue from cryptocurrency and options trading. Fueled by Trump's Memecoin, cryptocurrency-related revenue reached $250 million, nearly doubling year-over-year. Consequently, Robinhood Gold subscription users reached 3.5 million, a 90% increase from the previous year, with the rapid growth of Robinhood Gold providing the company with a stable source of income.



Meanwhile, RobinHood is actively pursuing acquisitions in the cryptocurrency space. In 2024, it announced a $2 billion acquisition of the long-standing European cryptocurrency exchange Bitstamp. Additionally, Canada's largest cryptocurrency CEX, WonderFi, which recently went public on the Toronto Stock Exchange, also announced its integration with RobinHood Crypto. After obtaining virtual asset licenses in the UK, Canada, Singapore, and other markets, RobinHood has taken a proactive approach in the compliant cryptocurrency trading market.



Furthermore, an increasing number of brokerage firms are exploring the same path. Futu Securities, Tiger Brokers, and others are also dipping their toes into cryptocurrency trading, with some having applied for or obtained the VA license from the Hong Kong SFC. Although their user bases are currently small, traditional brokerages have a natural advantage in user trust, regulatory licenses, and low fee structures. This could pose a threat to native cryptocurrency platforms in the future.



User Data Breach: Is Coinbase Still Secure?


In April 2025, security researchers discovered that some Coinbase user data was leaked on the dark web. While the platform initially responded by attributing it to a "technical misinformation," it still raised concerns among users regarding its security and privacy protection. Just two days before Dow Jones Indexes announced Coinbase's addition to the S&P 500 Index, on May 11, 2025, Coinbase received an email from an unknown threat actor claiming to have obtained customer account information and internal documents, demanding a $20 million ransom to keep the data private. Subsequent investigations confirmed the data breach.


Cybercriminals obtained the data by bribing overseas customer service agents and support staff, mainly in "non-U.S. regions such as India." These agents abused their access to Coinbase's internal customer support system and stole customer data. As early as February this year, blockchain detective ZachXBT revealed on X platform that between December 2024 and January 2025, Coinbase users lost over $65 million to social engineering scams, with the actual amount potentially higher.


Among the victims was a well-known figure, 67-year-old Ed Suman, an established artist in the art world for nearly two decades, having been involved in the creation of artworks such as Jeff Koons' "Balloon Dog" sculpture. Earlier this year, he fell victim to an impersonation scam involving fake Coinbase customer support, resulting in a loss of over $2 million in cryptocurrency. ZachXBT critiqued Coinbase for its inadequate handling of such scams, noting that other major exchanges have not faced similar issues and recommending Coinbase to enhance its security measures.


Amidst a series of ongoing social engineering incidents, although there has not been any impact on user assets at the technical level so far, it has raised concerns among many retail and institutional investors. Especially institutions holding massive assets on Coinbase. Just considering the U.S. BTC ETF institutions, as of mid-May 2025, they collectively hold nearly 840,000 BTC, and 75% of these are custodied by Coinbase. If we price BTC at $100,000, this amount reaches a staggering $63 billion, which is equivalent to the nominal GDP of two Iceland in the year 2024.


Visualization: ChatGPT, Source: Farside


In addition, Coinbase Custody also serves over 300 institutional clients, including hedge funds, family offices, pension funds, and endowments. As of the Q1 2025 financial report, Coinbase's total assets under management (including institutional and retail clients) reached $404 billion. The specific amount of institutional custodied assets was not explicitly disclosed in the latest report, but it should still be over 50% based on the Q4 2024 report.


Visualization: ChatGPT


Once this security barrier is breached, not only could the rate of user attrition far exceed expectations, but more importantly, institutional trust in it would undermine the foundation of its business. Therefore, after a hacking event, Coinbase's stock price plummeted significantly.


CEXs are All in Self-Rescue Mode


Facing a decline in spot trading fee revenue, Coinbase is also accelerating its transformation, attempting to find growth opportunities in derivatives and emerging assets. Coinbase acquired a stake in the options platform Deribit at the end of 2024 and announced the official launch of perpetual contract products in 2025. This acquisition fills in Coinbase's gap in options trading and its relatively small global market share.



Deribit has a strong presence in non-U.S. markets, especially in Asia and Europe. The acquisition has enabled Coinbase to gain a dominant position in bitcoin and ethereum options trading on Deribit, accounting for approximately 80% of the global options trading volume, with daily trading volume remaining above $2 billion.


Meanwhile, 80-90% of Deribit's customer base consists of institutional investors, with their professionalism and liquidity in the Bitcoin and Ethereum options market highly favored by institutions. Coinbase's compliance advantage, coupled with its already robust institutional ecosystem, makes it even more suitable. By using institutions as an entry point, it can face the squeeze from giants like Binance and OKX in the derivatives market.



Facing a similar dilemma is Kraken, which is attempting to replicate Binance Futures' model in non-U.S. markets. Since the derivatives market relies more on professional users, fee rates are relatively higher and stickiness is stronger, making it a significant source of revenue for exchanges. In the first half of 2025, Kraken completed the acquisition of TradeStation Crypto and a futures exchange, aiming to build a complete derivatives trading ecosystem to hedge the risk of declining spot transaction fee income.


With the surge of Memecoin in 2024, Binance, OKX, and various CEX platforms began massively listing small-market-cap, highly volatile tokens to activate active trading users. Due to the wealth effect and trading activity of Memecoins, Coinbase was also forced to join the battle, successively listing popular tokens from the Solana ecosystem such as BOOK OF MEME and Dogwifhat. Although these coins are controversial, they are frequently traded, with fee rates several times higher than mainstream coins, serving as a "blood-boosting" method for spot trading.


However, due to its status as a publicly traded company, this practice is a riskier endeavor for Coinbase. Even in the current crypto-friendly environment, the SEC is still investigating whether tokens like SOL, ADA, and SAND constitute securities.


In addition to the forced transformation strategies carried out by the aforementioned CEXs, they are also starting to lay out RWAs and the most talked-about stablecoin payment fields, such as the PYUSD launched through a collaboration between Coinbase and Paypal, Coinbase's support for the Euro stablecoin EURC by Circle that complies with EU MiCA regulatory requirements, or the USD1 launched through a collaboration between Binance and WIFL. In the increasingly crowded trading field, many CEXs have shifted their focus from just the trading market to the application field.


The golden age of transaction fees has quietly ended, and the second half of the crypto exchange platform game has silently begun.


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