Sentient In-Depth Research Report: Secures $85 Million in Funding to Build a Decentralized AGI New Paradigm

By: blockbeats|2025/04/30 12:05:45
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Original Article Title: "AI L1 Deep Research Report Series: Sentient: Building an Open AI Platform with $85 Million"
Original Article Authors: 0xjacobzhao, Biteye

1. Project Introduction:

Sentient is dedicated to building a decentralized artificial intelligence economy open-source protocol platform. Its core objective is to establish ownership structures for AI models, provide on-chain invocation mechanisms, and build a composable, revenue-sharing AI Agent network. Through the "OML" framework (Open, Monetizable, Loyal) and model fingerprinting technology, Sentient addresses the fundamental issues of "unclear model ownership, untraceable invocation, and unfair value distribution" in the current centralized LLM market.

The project is driven by the Sentient Foundation, focusing on open-source AGI and protocol incentive mechanism construction. The advocated "Loyal AI" refers to an open AI model ecosystem that serves the community, practices fair governance, and can evolve autonomously in the long term.

Sentient In-Depth Research Report: Secures $85 Million in Funding to Build a Decentralized AGI New Paradigm

Figure 1: The architecture of the Sentient Protocol consists of two core components: the blockchain system and the AI pipeline

The AI Pipeline is the foundation for developing and training "Loyal AI" artifacts, consisting of two core processes:​

· Data Curation:​ A community-driven data selection process for model alignment.​

· Loyalty Training:​ Ensuring the model undergoes training consistent with the community's intent.

The blockchain system provides transparency and decentralized control to the protocol, ensuring ownership and governance of AI artifacts, with key modules including:​

· Governance:​ Controlled and decided by a decentralized autonomous organization (DAO).​

· Ownership:​ Representing AI artifact ownership through tokenization.​

· Decentralized Finance (DeFi):​ Providing financial tools that support open, decentralized, fair governance, and rewards.​

2. Technical Architecture and Model Resentment Mechanism:

1. OML Model Framework

The Sentient: Loyal AI Whitepaper proposes the OML framework Open, Monetizable, and Loyal AI, which starts with model resentment and first systematically proposes the concept of "AI-native Cryptography," aiming to provide encryption-level ownership protection mechanisms for open-source models.

· Open: The model must be open source, with transparent code and data structures that support community replication, auditing, and forking;

· Monetizable: Each model invocation triggers revenue flow, which is allocated to trainers, deployers, and validators through on-chain contracts;

· Loyal: The model does not belong to a company but to the contributor community, with the model upgrade direction and governance determined by a DAO. Model ownership is verifiable, modifications are restricted, and usage is controlled.

OML, through on-chain mechanisms and cryptographic means, ensures that open-source models maintain openness while having economic and governance sovereignty. It constructs an AI-native protocol layer of usage rights and revenue rights to ensure model transparency, clear ownership, economic incentives, and behavioral governance.

Core Concept: AI-native Cryptography

AI-native cryptography leverages the continuity of AI models, low-dimensional manifold structure, and model differentiability to develop a "verifiable but non-removable" lightweight security mechanism. Its core technologies are:

· Fingerprint Embedding: Inserting a set of hidden query-response key-value pairs during training to form a unique model signature;

· Ownership Verification Protocol: Verifying whether the fingerprint is retained in query form by a third-party detector (Prover);

· Permissioned Invocation Mechanism: Prior to invocation, obtaining a "permission credential" issued by the model owner to authorize the system to decode the input and return the correct answer.

This approach can achieve "behavior-based authorization call + ownership verification" at no additional encryption cost.

Sentient currently adopts Melange hybrid security: combining fingerprint resentment, TEE execution, and on-chain contract revenue sharing. The fingerprint methodology is the mainstream implementation of OML 1.0, emphasizing the "Optimistic Security" concept, where default compliance is assumed, and violations are detectable and punishable.

OML and Sentient Protocol Protocol Architecture

The final chapter of the paper proposes a complete on-chain protocol (Sentient Protocol) to support OML:

· Storage Layer: Stores model weights and fingerprint registration information;

· Execution Layer: Authorization contract controls model invocation entry points;

· Access Layer: Verifies user authorization through proof of permission;

· Incentive Layer: Profit routing contract allocates payment for each invocation to trainers, deployers, and validators.

2. Fingerprinting and Model Ownership Mechanism

GitHub: https://github.com/sentient-agi/oml-1.0-fingerprinting

This repository is the first implementation of the Sentient fingerprinting mechanism, providing a fingerprint injection and verification interface that can be embedded in the training process. Its purpose is to ensure verifiability of model ownership and traceability of usage behavior, preventing unauthorized copying and commercialization. This is a specific engineering implementation of the OML framework.

The essence of the fingerprinting mechanism is: by fine-tuning the model, embedding a set of unique "key-response" pairs, the model owner can verify if the model belongs to them through specific queries, thus creating a "cryptographic signature" for the model.

3. Enclave TEE Computing Framework

GitHub: https://github.com/sentient-agi/Sentient-Enclaves-Framework

The Sentient Enclaves Framework is an open-source framework that leverages trusted execution environments (TEEs) such as AWS Nitro Enclaves to achieve secure deployment of model inference, fine-tuning, and proxy services. This framework emphasizes the "loyalty" of the model, ensuring that the model only responds to authorized requests, preventing unauthorized access and usage.

The TEE (Sentient Enclaves Framework) excels in high performance and cloud integration, suitable for real-time AI and sensitive data processing, but is limited by hardware dependencies and side-channel attacks. Compared to other encryption technologies, FHE provides hardware-independent and post-quantum secure strong privacy guarantees, but with significant performance overhead, making it challenging to directly replace TEE for high-performance tasks. ZK performs excellently in verifiability and decentralization scenarios and can serve as a complement to TEE (this module is planned to integrate zkML in the future).

4. Sentient Agent Framework

GitHub: https://github.com/sentient-agi/Sentient-Agent-Framework

The Sentient Agent Framework is a lightweight open-source framework that focuses on using an AI agent to control the browser for Web task automation (such as search and video playback). It combines natural language instructions to provide a concise development experience (claiming 3 lines of code). This architecture supports building an intelligent agent with a complete "perceive-plan-execute-feedback" loop. Compared to traditional AI Agent Frameworks, the Sentient Agent Framework is limited in functionality, lightweight, and concise, making it more suitable for off-chain Web tasks.

5. Sentient Social Agent

GitHub: https://github.com/sentient-agi/Sentient-Social-Agent

The Sentient Social Agent is aimed at building an AI system for automating interactions on social platforms (Twitter, Discord, and Telegram). It can understand the social context, generate content, interact with users, and engage in social exchanges through multi-agent collaboration. This system can be integrated with the Sentient Agent Framework.

6. Open Deep Search (Not Launched Yet)

On the Sentient official website, Open Deep Search is defined as a search agent that surpasses ChatGPT and Perplexity Pro. Team member Sewoong Oh revealed part of the roadmap at the EthDenver 2025 Open AGI Summit:

Open Deep Search consists of two main parts: Sensient's search functionalities (including query rephrasing, URL and document handling, etc.) and the reasoning agent. The reasoning agent leverages open-source Large Language Models (LLMs) like Llama 3.1 and DeepSeek, enhancing search quality through tools like search, calculators, and self-reflection. On the Frames Benchmark, Open Deep Search outperforms other open-source models and can even rival some closed-source models. However, as its functionality is not yet launched, we currently cannot assess its real capabilities.

3. Product Form, Implementation, and Planning

The products currently showcased on the Sentient official website are primarily Sentient Chat, a chat conversation platform, and the open-source Dobby LLMs model:

Sentient Chat:

Sentient Chat is a decentralized AI chat platform launched by the Sentient Foundation. This platform integrates open-source large language models (such as the Dobby series) with an advanced reasoning agent framework. Its core features include:

1. Open Reasoning Agent: The built-in reasoning agent in Sentient Chat can perform complex tasks, supporting tools like an Ontology-driven Search (ODS), calculator, and code execution.

2. Multi-Agent Integration: The platform supports integrating multiple AI agents, allowing users to interact with different agents as needed. This is similar to a Web3 version of POE or an open, agent-driven Perplexity alternative.

Sentient Chat is currently in the testing phase and is only accessible through invitation codes distributed via email or community activities. According to official public information, over 5,000 users have successfully obtained access to Sentient Chat, with over 100,000 user queries processed. As the author is not currently a white-listed tester, the true capabilities of its models cannot be evaluated at this time.

Dobby LLM Model Series:

1. Dobby-Unhinged Series

· Dobby-Unhinged-Llama-3.3-70B: Based on the Llama 3.3-70B-Instruct fine-tuning, emphasizing personal freedom and a stance on cryptocurrency, with a direct, humorous, and personable conversational style.

· Dobby-Mini-Unhinged-Llama-3.1-8B: An 8B parameter version suitable for resource-constrained devices.

2. Dobby-Mini-Leashed-Llama-3.1-8B: A milder tone suitable for applications requiring more robust outputs.

Since the Dobby LLM model is a fine-tuned version based on Llama 3.1 and 3.3, we believe its main applications lie in building chatbots, content generation and creation, role-playing agents, etc. Its advantages include flexible style generation, enhanced reasoning, and low resource requirements, making it suitable for quick deployment and flexible customization in resource-constrained environments. Compared to more powerful closed-source models like GPT-4, there is still a gap in Dobby LLM when handling tasks involving advanced logic, cross-domain knowledge reasoning, and deep reasoning.

IV. Ecosystem Collaboration and Real-World Scenarios

The Sentient Builder Program currently offers $1 million in funding to support developers in building an AI Agent to run within the Sentient Chat ecosystem. Developers are required to use Sentient's development kit and integrate with its Agent API.

Simultaneously, the ecosystem partners announced on the Sentient official website cover projects in various Crypto AI domains, as follows:

Figure 2: Sentient's AI Ecosystem Partners

As a leading project in the Crypto AI field, Sentient's resource integration capabilities can encompass any star startup within the industry. However, it should be noted that the prevalence of "marketing-oriented" partnerships in the Crypto sector has created an illusion of industry prosperity. The contribution and loyalty of Sentient's ecosystem partners still require our continuous observation.

The Open AGI Summit is an internationally oriented conference initiated by the Sentient team dedicated to exploring the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and cryptographic technology (Crypto). I had the privilege to attend its summits during ETH Denver in 2024 and ETHcc in 2025. The Sentient team has the ability to gather top-tier institutional investors and project entrepreneurs from the industry, making it a highlight.

V. Team Structure and Research Background

The Sentient Foundation has brought together top academic experts, crypto industry entrepreneurs, and engineers worldwide, committed to building a community-driven, open-source, and verifiable AGI platform. According to the official information released, the team members are primarily:

Core Leadership Team (Steering Committee)

· Pramod Viswanath – Forrest G. Hamrick Professor at Princeton University, with long-term research in information theory and communication systems, leading Sentient's AI security and theoretical foundation development.

· Himanshu Tyagi – Professor at the Indian Institute of Science, specializing in privacy protection and decentralized learning algorithms, providing academic support for model training and privacy collaboration.

· Sandeep Nailwal – Co-Founder of Polygon, responsible for blockchain strategy and global ecosystem development, is a key figure in connecting the crypto community with AI architecture.

· Sensys Team – Web3-native product studio, leading user experience optimization and developer infrastructure development, driving the adoption of the Sentient product.

Core Engineering and Development Team: Comprised of team members from renowned tech and blockchain companies such as Meta, Coinbase, Circle, Polygon, Binance, as well as researchers from top universities such as Princeton University, University of Washington, and Indian Institutes of Technology. AI Research and Model Training Team: The research team covers AI/ML, NLP, computer vision, and reinforcement learning, with members having practical experience at institutions like Google Research, Daimon Labs, Fetch.ai, and more.

It is worth noting that Sentient was founded with the successful track record of Polygon's co-founder Sandeep Nailwal. As a key scaling solution within the Ethereum ecosystem, Matic initially relied on Plasma, a technology that was not cutting-edge but was "cheap and fast" enough, to build Polygon's moat in areas such as NFTs and social, while also integrating ZK technology into its blockchain scaling solutions through acquisitions like Mir Protocol and Hermez Network and the launch of Polygon zkEVM. Sentient, as Sandeep Nailwal's second entrepreneurial endeavor, benefits from his experience, funding, network, and market recognition, allowing it to raise significant funding in 2024 based on an imperfect project concept. However, the AI field is inherently different from Crypto, and Sentient still faces challenges in adapting to changes in the new market environment, increased competition, technological advancements, and more.

Six, Funding Status and Token Model

In 2024, Sentient raised an $85 million seed round led by Founders Fund, Pantera, and Framework Ventures. The token has not been released yet. The current Agent incentive points can be mapped to tokens in the future. The token can be used for proposal voting on model version management, staking to validate Agent outputs' authenticity, governance signaling, and more.

Figure 3: Sentient Funding Status

Sentient is a kingpin project born with a silver spoon, with its investor background, funding scale, and valuation setting the bar high for most Crypto AI projects in the market. On one hand, its strong resource endorsement can more easily integrate resources from various industries, a high funding amount can more easily recruit top talents to join its team, and a solid capital base can support the project's development through industry cycles. However, on the other hand, the current Crypto industry generally demystifies high-valued projects with VC endorsements. Furthermore, VC-backed projects tend to prioritize price appreciation through capital operations and are severely disconnected from fundamentals. Assuming that Sentient fails to deliver impactful Crypto AI products and instead chooses to issue tokens at a high valuation, it will ultimately harm the Crypto community, which is in urgent need of rebuilding trust. How the team responds to the current industry predicament is worth our continuous observation.

Seven, Competitor Analysis and Market Positioning

Most Crypto AI projects in the market mostly focus on a single area such as data, models, computation, training, or inference, or develop consumer-level applications such as AI Agents. Projects positioning themselves as AI Chains include projects focusing on the transformation of public chains with AI (such as Near and ICP) or decentralized resource sharing coordination and token incentive protocols like Bittensor, a positioning that does not fully match Sentient's. On the model training side, Sentient is more like an integration platform and has a cooperative relationship with open-source AI models on the market. On the Agent side, Sentient competes with projects like Talus, Olas, or Theoriq in terms of multi-agent systems and reasoning capability, but each project still has different core goals and application scenarios, maintaining complementarity.

Eight, Conclusion

Sentient, as a decentralized Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) protocol platform, aims to provide clear ownership structure for AI models and enable on-chain mechanism for invocation and value distribution, addressing the current ambiguity and unfairness in ownership in the centralized Large Language Model (LLM) market. The core framework OML (Open, Monetizable, Loyal) ensures ownership, transparency, and fair revenue sharing for open-source models through model fingerprinting and blockchain technology. With the support of top VCs and AI ecosystem partners under the backing of Polygon co-founder Sandeep Nailwal, Sentient, despite facing uncertainties, controversies, and competition, still aims to become one of the standard protocols for decentralized AI ownership, driving the decentralized development of AGI.

This article is a contributed piece and does not represent the views of BlockBeats.

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a16z Leads $18M Seed Round for Catena Labs, Crypto Industry Bets on Stablecoin AI Payment

Traditional finance is still stuck in a "human-to-human" model, while Catena aims to achieve "AI-to-AI" interaction.

Never Underestimate the Significance of the US Stablecoin 'Infrastructure Bill'

Original Title: "Never Underestimate the Significance of the US Stablecoin 'Genius Act'"Original Author: 0xTodd, Partner at Nothing Research


If the US stablecoin bill, the "GENIUS Act," passes smoothly this time, its significance will be tremendous. I even think it's significant enough to enter the top five in Crypto history.



Although abbreviated as the GENIUS Act, which translates directly to the Genius Act, it is actually the Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for U.S. Stablecoins, which translates to "Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for US Dollar Stablecoins."


The proposal is lengthy, with several key points summarized for everyone:


· Mandatory 1:1 Full Asset Backing: Assets include cash, demand deposits, and short-term US Treasuries. At the same time, misappropriation and rehypothecation are strictly prohibited.


· High-Frequency Disclosure: Reserve reports must be published at least monthly, introducing external audits.


· Licensing Requirement: Once the circulating market cap of the issuer's stablecoin exceeds $100 billion, it must transition into the federal regulatory system within a specified timeframe, adopting banking-grade regulation.


· Introduction of Custody: The custodian of the stablecoin and its reserve assets must be a regulated qualified financial institution.


· Clear Definition as a Payment Medium: The bill explicitly defines stablecoin as a new type of payment medium, primarily regulated by the banking regulatory system, rather than restricted by the securities or commodities regulatory system.


· Embracing Existing Stablecoins: A maximum 18-month grace period after the bill's enactment, aimed at encouraging existing stablecoin issuers (such as USDT, USDC, etc.) to promptly obtain licenses or become compliant.


After finishing the main content, let's talk about the significance of this matter with an excited heart.


Over the years, when others asked, "After working in the Crypto industry for 16 years, what application have you created?"


In the future, you can confidently tell others—Stablecoins.


First, Clearing Concerns is a Prerequisite


Some people have held opposing views. In the past, people's impression of stablecoins was that they were an opaque black box. Every few months, there would be FUD — whether Tether's assets were frozen or Circle had a significant black hole deficit.


In fact, if you think about it, Tether easily rakes in billions of dollars a year just from the interest on those underlying government bonds. Circle, slightly less, also made a $1.7 billion profit last year.


They basically made money while standing there. From a motivational standpoint, they have no malicious intentions. In fact, they are the most eager for compliance.


Now, this opaque black box will become a transparent white box.


In the past, the only complaint was that Tether's funds might have been frozen by the United States. Now, they will be directly placed into U.S. compliant custodial institutions, with high-frequency disclosures, so you can rest assured.


【No need to worry about a rug pull】 is such a huge advantage—I think especially all Crypto people understand this.


Second, Mastering the Standard is Very Important


Stablecoins were once almost on the verge of being overtaken by CBDCs. In any country, if a central bank digital currency really exists, it is highly likely not built on a blockchain, at most it is built on some internal central bank consortium chain, which to be honest, is meaningless.


When CBDCs were at their peak, that was the most dangerous time for stablecoins.


If CBDCs had become a reality back then, stablecoins today would have been relentlessly suppressed into a dark corner, and blockchain would only be able to play a minimal role.


The remaining half-dead stablecoins would even have to learn the standards of central bank digital currencies, completely relinquishing their standard-setting power.


And now, stablecoins have won (or are about to).


Instead, everyone should learn the 【Blockchain + Token】 standard.


Nowadays, many blockchains actually have no meaningful applications on top, only stablecoin transfers. For example, with Aptos, the only scenario I use Aptos for is transfers between Binance and OKX.


And now, stablecoins will be legislated, what does that mean?


That's right, blockchain will become the only standard.


In the future, every stablecoin user will be the first to learn how to use a wallet.


As an aside, I actually think Ethereum's concerted push for EIP-7702 is quite forward-thinking. While other chains are all about memes, thank you Ethereum for sticking to account abstraction.



EIP-7702 is about Account Abstraction, which can support, for example:


· Social Account Registration Wallet

· Paying GAS with Native Coin

· And more


This paves the way for future new users to heavily use stablecoins, solving the last-mile problem.


Third, Deposit Enters a New Era


Furthermore, once stablecoins receive legislative support, deposits and withdrawals will become even easier.


Let's imagine a scenario: previously, hindered by the gray nature of stablecoins, but after the bill passes, many traditional brokerages can support stablecoins themselves. The money from a US stock investor can be converted into stablecoins in minutes and instantly deposited into Coinbase. Believe it or not.



Let's imagine another scenario: if the brilliant bill smoothly passes through the House of Representatives, next, you will see:


Due to the extremely lucrative nature of this trading, existing stablecoin leaders and newly entering traditional giants will crazily start promoting their stablecoin products.


And an outsider, due to these promotions, will start using stablecoins. And then one day, after finding out that the wallet account has been created, will explore Bitcoin inside. Is mining Bitcoin difficult?


Stablecoins are a huge Trojan horse. The moment you start using stablecoins, you unwittingly step half a foot into the Crypto world.


Fourth, Conclusion


As a large reservoir for digesting US debt, although stablecoins cannot directly absorb debt, they at least provide ammunition for the US debt secondary market. These functions are quite important, and slowly, stablecoins are becoming a part of the US debt market's body. Therefore, once the US legislation is passed and experiences the benefits, there is no turning back.


And, we are also confident that stablecoins are indeed one of the great innovations in our industry. People who have used stablecoins will find it hard to return to the traditional cash-banking system.


Once the bill is passed, users can't go back. In the future, concerns are about to be resolved, standards will be mastered, and the era of large deposits seems to be on the horizon.


Original Article Link

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$COIN Joins S&P 500, but Coinbase Isn't Celebrating

On May 13, S&P Dow Jones Indices announced that Coinbase would officially replace Discover Financial Services in the S&P 500 on May 19. While other companies like Block and MicroStrategy, closely tied to Bitcoin, were already part of the S&P 500, Coinbase became the first cryptocurrency exchange whose primary business is in the index. This also signifies that cryptocurrency is gradually moving from the fringes to the mainstream in the U.S.



On the day of the announcement, Coinbase's stock price surged by 23%, surpassing the $250 mark. However, just 3 days later, Coinbase was hit by two consecutive events: a hack where employees were bribed to steal customer data and a demand for a $20 million ransom, and an investigation by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) into the authenticity of its claim of having over 100 million "verified users" in its securities filings and marketing materials. These two events acted as mini-bombs, and at the time of writing, Coinbase's stock had already dropped by over 7.3%.


Coincidentally, Discover Financial Services, being replaced by Coinbase, can also be considered the "Coinbase" of the previous payment era. Discover is a U.S.-based digital banking and payment services company headquartered in Illinois, founded in 1960. Its payment network, Discover Network, is the fourth largest payment network apart from Visa, Mastercard, and American Express.


In April, after the approval of the acquisition of Discover by the sixth-largest U.S. bank, Capital One, this well-established digital banking company of over 60 years smoothly handed over its S&P 500 "seat" to this emerging cryptocurrency "bank." This unexpected coincidence also portrayed the handover between the new and old eras in Coinbase's entry into the S&P 500, resembling a relay race scene. However, this relay baton also brought Coinbase's accumulated "external troubles and internal strife" to a tipping point.


Side Effects of ETFs


Over the past decade, cryptocurrency exchanges have been the most stable "profit machines." They play a role in providing liquidity to the entire industry and rely on trading fees to sustain their operations. However, with the comprehensive rollout of ETF products in the U.S. market, this profit model is facing unprecedented challenges. As the leader in the "American stack," with over 80% of its business coming from the U.S., Coinbase is most affected by this.



Starting from the approval of Bitcoin and Ethereum spot ETFs, traditional financial capital has significantly onboarded users and funds that originally belonged to exchanges in a more cost-effective, compliant, and transparent manner. The transaction fee revenue of cryptocurrency exchanges has started to decline, and this trend may further intensify in the coming months.


According to Coinbase's 2024 Q4 financial report, the platform's total trading revenue was $417 million, a 45% year-on-year decrease. The contribution of BTC and ETH's trading revenue dropped from 65% in the same period last year to less than 50%.


This decline is not a result of a decrease in market enthusiasm. In fact, since the approval of the Bitcoin ETF in January 2024, the inflow of BTC into the U.S. market has continued to reach new highs, with asset management giants like BlackRock and Fidelity rapidly expanding their management scale. Data shows that BlackRock's iShares Bitcoin ETF (IBIT) alone has surpassed $17 billion in assets under management. As of mid-May 2025, the cumulative net inflow of 11 major institutional Bitcoin spot ETFs on the market has exceeded $41.5 billion, with a total net asset value of $1214.69 billion, accounting for approximately 5.91% of the total Bitcoin market capitalization.


Chart showing the trend of net outflows for Grayscale among the 11 institutions


Institutional investors and some retail investors are shifting towards ETF products, partly due to compliance and tax considerations. On one hand, ETFs have much lower trading costs compared to cryptocurrency exchanges. While Coinbase's spot trading fee rate varies annually in a tiered manner but averages around 1.49%, for example, the management fee for IBIT ETF is only 0.25%, and the majority of ETF institution fees fluctuate around 0.15% to 0.25%.



In other words, the more rational users are, the more likely they are to move from exchanges to ETF products, especially for investors aiming for long-term holdings.


According to multiple sources, several institutions, including VanEck and Grayscale, have submitted applications to the SEC for a Solana (SOL) ETF, with some institutions also planning to submit an XRP ETF proposal. Once approved, this may trigger a new round of fund migration. According to a report submitted by Coinbase to the SEC, as of April, the platform's trading revenue from XRP and Solana accounted for 18% and 10%, nearly one-third of the platform's fee revenue.



However, the Bitcoin and Ethereum ETFs passed in 2024 also reduced the fees for these two tokens on Coinbase from 30% and 15% to 26% and 10%, respectively. If the SOL and XRP ETFs are approved, it will further undermine the core fee revenue of exchanges like Coinbase.


The expansion of ETF products is gradually weakening the financial intermediary status of cryptocurrency exchanges. From their original roles as matchmakers and clearers to now gradually becoming mere "on-ramps and off-ramps" for funds, exchanges are seeing their marginal value squeezed by ETFs.


Robinhood Takes a Stand, Traditional Brokerages Join the Fray


On May 12, 2025, SEC Chairman Paul S. Atkins gave a keynote speech at the Tokenization and Cryptocurrency Working Group roundtable. The theme of his speech revolved around "It is a new day at the SEC," where he indicated that the SEC would not approach enforcement and regulation the same way as before but would instead pave the way for cryptocurrency assets in the U.S. market.



With signs of cryptocurrency compliance such as the SEC's "NEW DAY" declaration, an increasing number of traditional brokerages are attempting to enter the cryptocurrency industry. One of the most representative cases is the well-known U.S. brokerage Robinhood, which began expanding its crypto business in 2018. By the time of its IPO in 2021, Robinhood's crypto business revenue accounted for over 50% of the company, with a significant boost from the Dogecoin "moonshot" promoted by Musk.


In Q1 2025 earnings report, Robinhood showcased strong growth, especially in revenue from cryptocurrency and options trading. Fueled by Trump's Memecoin, cryptocurrency-related revenue reached $250 million, nearly doubling year-over-year. Consequently, Robinhood Gold subscription users reached 3.5 million, a 90% increase from the previous year, with the rapid growth of Robinhood Gold providing the company with a stable source of income.



Meanwhile, RobinHood is actively pursuing acquisitions in the cryptocurrency space. In 2024, it announced a $2 billion acquisition of the long-standing European cryptocurrency exchange Bitstamp. Additionally, Canada's largest cryptocurrency CEX, WonderFi, which recently went public on the Toronto Stock Exchange, also announced its integration with RobinHood Crypto. After obtaining virtual asset licenses in the UK, Canada, Singapore, and other markets, RobinHood has taken a proactive approach in the compliant cryptocurrency trading market.



Furthermore, an increasing number of brokerage firms are exploring the same path. Futu Securities, Tiger Brokers, and others are also dipping their toes into cryptocurrency trading, with some having applied for or obtained the VA license from the Hong Kong SFC. Although their user bases are currently small, traditional brokerages have a natural advantage in user trust, regulatory licenses, and low fee structures. This could pose a threat to native cryptocurrency platforms in the future.



User Data Breach: Is Coinbase Still Secure?


In April 2025, security researchers discovered that some Coinbase user data was leaked on the dark web. While the platform initially responded by attributing it to a "technical misinformation," it still raised concerns among users regarding its security and privacy protection. Just two days before Dow Jones Indexes announced Coinbase's addition to the S&P 500 Index, on May 11, 2025, Coinbase received an email from an unknown threat actor claiming to have obtained customer account information and internal documents, demanding a $20 million ransom to keep the data private. Subsequent investigations confirmed the data breach.


Cybercriminals obtained the data by bribing overseas customer service agents and support staff, mainly in "non-U.S. regions such as India." These agents abused their access to Coinbase's internal customer support system and stole customer data. As early as February this year, blockchain detective ZachXBT revealed on X platform that between December 2024 and January 2025, Coinbase users lost over $65 million to social engineering scams, with the actual amount potentially higher.


Among the victims was a well-known figure, 67-year-old Ed Suman, an established artist in the art world for nearly two decades, having been involved in the creation of artworks such as Jeff Koons' "Balloon Dog" sculpture. Earlier this year, he fell victim to an impersonation scam involving fake Coinbase customer support, resulting in a loss of over $2 million in cryptocurrency. ZachXBT critiqued Coinbase for its inadequate handling of such scams, noting that other major exchanges have not faced similar issues and recommending Coinbase to enhance its security measures.


Amidst a series of ongoing social engineering incidents, although there has not been any impact on user assets at the technical level so far, it has raised concerns among many retail and institutional investors. Especially institutions holding massive assets on Coinbase. Just considering the U.S. BTC ETF institutions, as of mid-May 2025, they collectively hold nearly 840,000 BTC, and 75% of these are custodied by Coinbase. If we price BTC at $100,000, this amount reaches a staggering $63 billion, which is equivalent to the nominal GDP of two Iceland in the year 2024.


Visualization: ChatGPT, Source: Farside


In addition, Coinbase Custody also serves over 300 institutional clients, including hedge funds, family offices, pension funds, and endowments. As of the Q1 2025 financial report, Coinbase's total assets under management (including institutional and retail clients) reached $404 billion. The specific amount of institutional custodied assets was not explicitly disclosed in the latest report, but it should still be over 50% based on the Q4 2024 report.


Visualization: ChatGPT


Once this security barrier is breached, not only could the rate of user attrition far exceed expectations, but more importantly, institutional trust in it would undermine the foundation of its business. Therefore, after a hacking event, Coinbase's stock price plummeted significantly.


CEXs are All in Self-Rescue Mode


Facing a decline in spot trading fee revenue, Coinbase is also accelerating its transformation, attempting to find growth opportunities in derivatives and emerging assets. Coinbase acquired a stake in the options platform Deribit at the end of 2024 and announced the official launch of perpetual contract products in 2025. This acquisition fills in Coinbase's gap in options trading and its relatively small global market share.



Deribit has a strong presence in non-U.S. markets, especially in Asia and Europe. The acquisition has enabled Coinbase to gain a dominant position in bitcoin and ethereum options trading on Deribit, accounting for approximately 80% of the global options trading volume, with daily trading volume remaining above $2 billion.


Meanwhile, 80-90% of Deribit's customer base consists of institutional investors, with their professionalism and liquidity in the Bitcoin and Ethereum options market highly favored by institutions. Coinbase's compliance advantage, coupled with its already robust institutional ecosystem, makes it even more suitable. By using institutions as an entry point, it can face the squeeze from giants like Binance and OKX in the derivatives market.



Facing a similar dilemma is Kraken, which is attempting to replicate Binance Futures' model in non-U.S. markets. Since the derivatives market relies more on professional users, fee rates are relatively higher and stickiness is stronger, making it a significant source of revenue for exchanges. In the first half of 2025, Kraken completed the acquisition of TradeStation Crypto and a futures exchange, aiming to build a complete derivatives trading ecosystem to hedge the risk of declining spot transaction fee income.


With the surge of Memecoin in 2024, Binance, OKX, and various CEX platforms began massively listing small-market-cap, highly volatile tokens to activate active trading users. Due to the wealth effect and trading activity of Memecoins, Coinbase was also forced to join the battle, successively listing popular tokens from the Solana ecosystem such as BOOK OF MEME and Dogwifhat. Although these coins are controversial, they are frequently traded, with fee rates several times higher than mainstream coins, serving as a "blood-boosting" method for spot trading.


However, due to its status as a publicly traded company, this practice is a riskier endeavor for Coinbase. Even in the current crypto-friendly environment, the SEC is still investigating whether tokens like SOL, ADA, and SAND constitute securities.


In addition to the forced transformation strategies carried out by the aforementioned CEXs, they are also starting to lay out RWAs and the most talked-about stablecoin payment fields, such as the PYUSD launched through a collaboration between Coinbase and Paypal, Coinbase's support for the Euro stablecoin EURC by Circle that complies with EU MiCA regulatory requirements, or the USD1 launched through a collaboration between Binance and WIFL. In the increasingly crowded trading field, many CEXs have shifted their focus from just the trading market to the application field.


The golden age of transaction fees has quietly ended, and the second half of the crypto exchange platform game has silently begun.


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