The Trump 2.0 Era: What New Changes in Cryptocurrency Regulation? Key Policy Adjustments Checklist

By: blockbeats|2025/03/14 12:15:02
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Original Article Title: "The Trump 2.0 Era: What New Changes in Cryptocurrency Regulation? A Review of Key Policy Adjustments in the First 8 Weeks"
Original Article Author: Weilin, PANews

The Trump 2.0 Era: What New Changes in Cryptocurrency Regulation? Key Policy Adjustments Checklist

Since the start of Trump's second presidential term on January 20, the landscape of cryptocurrency regulation in the United States has seen a series of intense and climactic developments. In just eight weeks, from the SEC chairman's stepping down to Trump signing two executive orders in a row — announcing the development of a digital asset plan, declaring a Bitcoin strategic reserve, and hosting the first-ever White House summit on digital assets — the crypto market has continuously reacted. With various policy changes causing fluctuations, the entire industry has been both excited and on edge.

This article will categorize and take stock of these significant cryptocurrency regulatory policy measures based on different policies, and interpret their profound impact on the crypto industry.

Trump Signs Executive Order on "Strengthening American Leadership in Digital Financial Technology"

On the third day of his presidency, January 23, the U.S. President Trump signed the executive order "Strengthening American Leadership in Digital Financial Technology," which proposed the establishment of the "President's Digital Asset Market Working Group" to explore federal regulatory measures for stablecoins and relevant schemes for national digital asset reserves, and explicitly prohibited the "creation, issuance, circulation, or use" of central bank digital currencies (CBDCs).

SEC Chairman Change, Major Regulatory Strategy Adjustments

In July of last year, at the Bitcoin 2024 conference held in Nashville, Trump delivered a speech, promising to remove the much-criticized SEC chairman Gary Gensler on his first day in office. On November 22, 2024, the SEC announced that Gary Gensler would step down on Trump's first day in office. On January 20 of this year, he officially stepped down. He was succeeded by Paul Atkins, CEO of Patomak Global Partners LLC and former SEC commissioner, whose nomination is currently awaiting congressional confirmation.

On January 22, the SEC immediately set up a special crypto task force, began adjusting its regulatory strategy, downsized the group responsible for cryptocurrency enforcement actions, and reassigned some lawyers. The SEC also launched a website for the crypto special task force, with task force leader Hester Peirce outlining ten priority tasks, focusing on the classification and regulation of crypto assets.

On January 24, the SEC announced the revocation of the criticized cryptocurrency accounting policy SAB 121 in its latest Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 122. SAB 121 (Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 121) required digital asset custodians to treat digital assets as liabilities and to report them on the balance sheet at fair value. The cryptocurrency industry was concerned that this might hinder banks from custodying digital assets, potentially excluding banks from the cryptocurrency market.

Additionally, on May 22 last year, the FIT21 bill passed in the House of Representatives, seen as a historic breakthrough for the U.S. cryptocurrency industry. The bill addressed the longstanding disagreement between the SEC and CFTC on cryptocurrency regulation and is currently advancing.

SEC Dismisses Cases Against Cryptocurrency Companies

On February 27, the SEC terminated its investigation into Gemini Trust without enforcement action. Prior to this, the SEC had withdrawn its lawsuit against Coinbase and terminated investigations into OpenSea, Robinhood, and Uniswap. In the seventh week of the Trump administration (March 3 - March 9), the SEC agreed to dismiss the lawsuit against Kraken, with no fines, no admission of wrongdoing, and no impact on Kraken's business model.

Redefining "Trading Platform" to Overturn IRS's DeFi Broker Rule

On March 11, news broke that the SEC is evaluating a proposal to redefine "trading platform," which could provide clearer guidance for the regulatory framework of U.S. cryptocurrency exchanges.

Meanwhile, the U.S. House of Representatives passed a resolution overturning the IRS's broker rule for decentralized finance (DeFi) platforms. The rule required crypto entities to collect specific taxpayer and transaction information, which DeFi platforms found challenging to comply with. Previously, the U.S. Senate had voted in favor of the resolution, but due to budget rules, it still needs to be voted on again before being presented to President Trump for signing.

Pardon of Silk Road Founder Ross Ulbricht

On January 22, Trump fulfilled another promise made at the Bitcoin 2024 conference by pardoning Silk Road founder Ross Ulbricht, who was serving a life sentence without parole. Ross Ulbricht later expressed his gratitude to Trump on Twitter, as Trump released him after 11 years in prison.

SEC, CFTC, Treasury, Commerce Departments Appoint Crypto-Friendly Officials

On January 20, following the presidential inauguration, the White House announced that the newly sworn-in President Trump had appointed Republican Mark Uyeda as the acting chairman of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). Prior to this, Trump had announced the nomination of Paul Atkins as the SEC chairman.

In his second week in office, Trump's nominee for Treasury Secretary, Scott Bessent, was confirmed by the Senate. This financial heavyweight holds a positive view on cryptocurrency.

In the fourth week, Trump nominated Brian Quintenz, a former Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) commissioner and Kalshi executive in the prediction betting market, as the new chairman of the CFTC.

In the fifth week, billionaire Howard Lutnick was confirmed as the next Commerce Secretary, prompting the market to start paying attention to how he would impact the regulatory environment for the crypto industry.

In both the Senate and the House of Representatives, there are also officials friendly to crypto in key positions. On January 23, the Senate Banking Committee established a Digital Assets Committee, with Senator Cynthia Lummis as chair, to drive industry compliance. On March 3, House Republican leaders, along with Congressman Ritchie Torres, jointly established the "Congressional Crypto Caucus" to promote crypto-friendly legislation and form a voting bloc in the House in support of digital assets.

Official Announcement of Strategic Bitcoin Reserve and Digital Asset Reserve

In the sixth week in office (February 24 - March 2), Trump announced on social media the 5 major categories for the crypto strategic reserve, which will include BTC, ETH, XRP, SOL, and ADA. The inclusion of ADA sparked controversy, with some in the market humorously referring to it as an "ad spot." However, on March 7, AI and crypto tycoon David Sacks stated that ADA, SOL, and XRP were mentioned because they are the top five cryptocurrencies by market capitalization.

On the morning of March 7, Beijing time, Trump's promised strategic Bitcoin reserve arrived! David Sacks announced on the X platform that U.S. President Trump had officially signed an executive order to establish a strategic Bitcoin reserve and digital asset reserve. However, as both reserves are mainly supported by proceeds from "criminal or civil asset forfeiture," the token prices, including BTC, in the market initially reacted negatively but saw a slight recovery later.

In addition to the President's executive order, in terms of Congressional legislation, on March 12, U.S. Senator Cynthia Lummis reintroduced the Bitcoin bill in the 119th Congress, titled the Boosting Innovation, Technology, and Competitiveness through Optimized Investment Nationwide Act of 2025. This bill will allow the U.S. government to hold over 1 million bitcoins. The bill was initially proposed in July 2024, requiring the U.S. government to purchase 200,000 bitcoins annually over five years, funded by adjustments to existing funds from the Federal Reserve and the Treasury Department. With this revision, the U.S. government can hold additional bitcoins through legal means, including civil or criminal forfeiture, donation, or transfer to federal agencies.

White House Holds First-Ever Digital Asset Press Conference and White House Digital Asset Summit

In the third week of Trump's presidency (February 3 to February 9), David Sacks and several U.S. Congressional lawmakers held the first press conference on digital assets at Capitol Hill, outlining the latest plans for U.S. digital asset development by the White House and Congress. During the conference, Sacks expressed his eagerness to collaborate with congressional lawmakers and emphatically announced the intention to "usher in a golden age of digital assets."

On March 7, the U.S. held its first White House Digital Asset Summit, where President Trump delivered a brief speech. He stated, "Last year, I pledged to make America a global Bitcoin superpower and the world capital of crypto. We are taking historic action to fulfill this promise and propose that from today onwards, America will follow the rule every Bitcoin holder knows well—never sell your Bitcoin."

Trump mentioned the termination of the Biden administration's "Stranglehold Action 2.0" against the crypto industry. However, despite reports from the event indicating industry leaders' approval, the meeting did not lead to a price surge for assets like Bitcoin and Ethereum, with the cryptocurrency market experiencing a significant decline post-summit.

Market Sees a Wave of Cryptocurrency ETF Applications

As of March 12, tokens with ETF applications include at least DOGE, LTC, HEAR, SOL, XRP, SUI, AVAX, DOT, LINK, ADA, APT, AXL, and others. According to Bloomberg analysts James Seyffart and Eric Balchunas, there is a relatively high probability of approval for LTC, DOGE, SOL, and XRP spot ETFs. The market's expectations for the launch of ETFs for other mainstream crypto assets on the U.S. capital markets have significantly increased.

Due to significant personnel changes at the SEC, its policies are becoming more crypto-friendly. If the U.S. launches a Bitcoin ETF, it may directly trigger similar actions in other countries and regions around the world. Bloomberg analysts expect the SEC to make a decision on the proposed Bitcoin ETF in October this year.

Senate Holds Hearing on "Debanking," Sparks Wide Discussion

On the evening of February 5, the U.S. Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs held a hearing on "Investigating the Real Impacts of Debanking on America." The witnesses included Nathan McCauley, Co-Founder and CEO of Anchorage Digital; Stephen Gannon, Partner at Davis Wright Tremaine LLP; Mike Ring, President and CEO of Old Glory Bank; and Aaron Klein, Senior Fellow of Economic Studies at the Brookings Institution. The hearing explored the effects of bank account closures and financial service restrictions on businesses and individuals, as well as examined related policy responses.

On February 11, during a Senate Banking Committee hearing, Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell stated that given the criticism faced by the crypto industry being excluded from banking services, it is now time to "revisit" the issue of debanking. Senator Tim Scott, Chairman of the Senate Banking Committee and Republican Senator from South Carolina, asked Powell if he agreed to commit to working with legislators to end debanking, to which Powell agreed. It is expected that further discussions on "debanking" will unfold throughout this year.

U.S. States Show Strong Interest in Bitcoin Reserves

As of March 4, 24 states in the U.S. have introduced draft cryptocurrency reserve bills, with most states' bills still in the drafting or legislative review stages. Progress has been quicker in a few states such as Texas and Utah, while bills in 5 states (Pennsylvania, Montana, North Dakota, Wyoming, South Dakota) have been rejected. Reasons for rejection include concerns over risks and volatility associated with digital assets, taxpayer funding risks, the high energy consumption of crypto mining, and the potential for digital currency to be used for illicit activities.

Leading the charge, Texas's State Senate previously passed the SB 21 bill, which mandates the creation of a fund managed by the state government to hold Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies. The Texas State Comptroller will oversee the reserve, which will hold at least $5 billion in cryptocurrency market value and be eligible for state budget allocations.

Legislation Around Stablecoin Regulation

On February 5, U.S. Senator Bill Hagerty introduced the Stablecoin Regulation Act (GENIUS Act), which brings stablecoins such as USDT and USDC into the Federal Reserve's regulatory framework, providing guidance for compliant operations. As of March 12, the U.S. Senate has updated the bill, with the revised version notably expanding the "Reciprocal Payments of Stablecoins in Overseas Jurisdictions" provision.

During a White House summit, Trump directed his policy enforcers to push for stablecoin legislation, aiming to have it completed before the August congressional recess. The initial goal was to submit the legislation within the first 100 days of his term, but the timeline has now been extended by 4 months.

Conclusion

Overall, since Trump took office 8 weeks ago, U.S. crypto regulation has seen a series of significant adjustments, from policy directions to key personnel changes, all pointing towards a more open regulatory environment. Can the U.S. truly become the world's cryptocurrency capital, as Trump stated? The uncertainty of policies persists, market reactions are cautious, and the future regulatory direction still requires continuous monitoring.

Original Article Link

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Never Underestimate the Significance of the US Stablecoin 'Infrastructure Bill'

Original Title: "Never Underestimate the Significance of the US Stablecoin 'Genius Act'"Original Author: 0xTodd, Partner at Nothing Research


If the US stablecoin bill, the "GENIUS Act," passes smoothly this time, its significance will be tremendous. I even think it's significant enough to enter the top five in Crypto history.



Although abbreviated as the GENIUS Act, which translates directly to the Genius Act, it is actually the Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for U.S. Stablecoins, which translates to "Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for US Dollar Stablecoins."


The proposal is lengthy, with several key points summarized for everyone:


· Mandatory 1:1 Full Asset Backing: Assets include cash, demand deposits, and short-term US Treasuries. At the same time, misappropriation and rehypothecation are strictly prohibited.


· High-Frequency Disclosure: Reserve reports must be published at least monthly, introducing external audits.


· Licensing Requirement: Once the circulating market cap of the issuer's stablecoin exceeds $100 billion, it must transition into the federal regulatory system within a specified timeframe, adopting banking-grade regulation.


· Introduction of Custody: The custodian of the stablecoin and its reserve assets must be a regulated qualified financial institution.


· Clear Definition as a Payment Medium: The bill explicitly defines stablecoin as a new type of payment medium, primarily regulated by the banking regulatory system, rather than restricted by the securities or commodities regulatory system.


· Embracing Existing Stablecoins: A maximum 18-month grace period after the bill's enactment, aimed at encouraging existing stablecoin issuers (such as USDT, USDC, etc.) to promptly obtain licenses or become compliant.


After finishing the main content, let's talk about the significance of this matter with an excited heart.


Over the years, when others asked, "After working in the Crypto industry for 16 years, what application have you created?"


In the future, you can confidently tell others—Stablecoins.


First, Clearing Concerns is a Prerequisite


Some people have held opposing views. In the past, people's impression of stablecoins was that they were an opaque black box. Every few months, there would be FUD — whether Tether's assets were frozen or Circle had a significant black hole deficit.


In fact, if you think about it, Tether easily rakes in billions of dollars a year just from the interest on those underlying government bonds. Circle, slightly less, also made a $1.7 billion profit last year.


They basically made money while standing there. From a motivational standpoint, they have no malicious intentions. In fact, they are the most eager for compliance.


Now, this opaque black box will become a transparent white box.


In the past, the only complaint was that Tether's funds might have been frozen by the United States. Now, they will be directly placed into U.S. compliant custodial institutions, with high-frequency disclosures, so you can rest assured.


【No need to worry about a rug pull】 is such a huge advantage—I think especially all Crypto people understand this.


Second, Mastering the Standard is Very Important


Stablecoins were once almost on the verge of being overtaken by CBDCs. In any country, if a central bank digital currency really exists, it is highly likely not built on a blockchain, at most it is built on some internal central bank consortium chain, which to be honest, is meaningless.


When CBDCs were at their peak, that was the most dangerous time for stablecoins.


If CBDCs had become a reality back then, stablecoins today would have been relentlessly suppressed into a dark corner, and blockchain would only be able to play a minimal role.


The remaining half-dead stablecoins would even have to learn the standards of central bank digital currencies, completely relinquishing their standard-setting power.


And now, stablecoins have won (or are about to).


Instead, everyone should learn the 【Blockchain + Token】 standard.


Nowadays, many blockchains actually have no meaningful applications on top, only stablecoin transfers. For example, with Aptos, the only scenario I use Aptos for is transfers between Binance and OKX.


And now, stablecoins will be legislated, what does that mean?


That's right, blockchain will become the only standard.


In the future, every stablecoin user will be the first to learn how to use a wallet.


As an aside, I actually think Ethereum's concerted push for EIP-7702 is quite forward-thinking. While other chains are all about memes, thank you Ethereum for sticking to account abstraction.



EIP-7702 is about Account Abstraction, which can support, for example:


· Social Account Registration Wallet

· Paying GAS with Native Coin

· And more


This paves the way for future new users to heavily use stablecoins, solving the last-mile problem.


Third, Deposit Enters a New Era


Furthermore, once stablecoins receive legislative support, deposits and withdrawals will become even easier.


Let's imagine a scenario: previously, hindered by the gray nature of stablecoins, but after the bill passes, many traditional brokerages can support stablecoins themselves. The money from a US stock investor can be converted into stablecoins in minutes and instantly deposited into Coinbase. Believe it or not.



Let's imagine another scenario: if the brilliant bill smoothly passes through the House of Representatives, next, you will see:


Due to the extremely lucrative nature of this trading, existing stablecoin leaders and newly entering traditional giants will crazily start promoting their stablecoin products.


And an outsider, due to these promotions, will start using stablecoins. And then one day, after finding out that the wallet account has been created, will explore Bitcoin inside. Is mining Bitcoin difficult?


Stablecoins are a huge Trojan horse. The moment you start using stablecoins, you unwittingly step half a foot into the Crypto world.


Fourth, Conclusion


As a large reservoir for digesting US debt, although stablecoins cannot directly absorb debt, they at least provide ammunition for the US debt secondary market. These functions are quite important, and slowly, stablecoins are becoming a part of the US debt market's body. Therefore, once the US legislation is passed and experiences the benefits, there is no turning back.


And, we are also confident that stablecoins are indeed one of the great innovations in our industry. People who have used stablecoins will find it hard to return to the traditional cash-banking system.


Once the bill is passed, users can't go back. In the future, concerns are about to be resolved, standards will be mastered, and the era of large deposits seems to be on the horizon.


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$COIN Joins S&P 500, but Coinbase Isn't Celebrating

On May 13, S&P Dow Jones Indices announced that Coinbase would officially replace Discover Financial Services in the S&P 500 on May 19. While other companies like Block and MicroStrategy, closely tied to Bitcoin, were already part of the S&P 500, Coinbase became the first cryptocurrency exchange whose primary business is in the index. This also signifies that cryptocurrency is gradually moving from the fringes to the mainstream in the U.S.



On the day of the announcement, Coinbase's stock price surged by 23%, surpassing the $250 mark. However, just 3 days later, Coinbase was hit by two consecutive events: a hack where employees were bribed to steal customer data and a demand for a $20 million ransom, and an investigation by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) into the authenticity of its claim of having over 100 million "verified users" in its securities filings and marketing materials. These two events acted as mini-bombs, and at the time of writing, Coinbase's stock had already dropped by over 7.3%.


Coincidentally, Discover Financial Services, being replaced by Coinbase, can also be considered the "Coinbase" of the previous payment era. Discover is a U.S.-based digital banking and payment services company headquartered in Illinois, founded in 1960. Its payment network, Discover Network, is the fourth largest payment network apart from Visa, Mastercard, and American Express.


In April, after the approval of the acquisition of Discover by the sixth-largest U.S. bank, Capital One, this well-established digital banking company of over 60 years smoothly handed over its S&P 500 "seat" to this emerging cryptocurrency "bank." This unexpected coincidence also portrayed the handover between the new and old eras in Coinbase's entry into the S&P 500, resembling a relay race scene. However, this relay baton also brought Coinbase's accumulated "external troubles and internal strife" to a tipping point.


Side Effects of ETFs


Over the past decade, cryptocurrency exchanges have been the most stable "profit machines." They play a role in providing liquidity to the entire industry and rely on trading fees to sustain their operations. However, with the comprehensive rollout of ETF products in the U.S. market, this profit model is facing unprecedented challenges. As the leader in the "American stack," with over 80% of its business coming from the U.S., Coinbase is most affected by this.



Starting from the approval of Bitcoin and Ethereum spot ETFs, traditional financial capital has significantly onboarded users and funds that originally belonged to exchanges in a more cost-effective, compliant, and transparent manner. The transaction fee revenue of cryptocurrency exchanges has started to decline, and this trend may further intensify in the coming months.


According to Coinbase's 2024 Q4 financial report, the platform's total trading revenue was $417 million, a 45% year-on-year decrease. The contribution of BTC and ETH's trading revenue dropped from 65% in the same period last year to less than 50%.


This decline is not a result of a decrease in market enthusiasm. In fact, since the approval of the Bitcoin ETF in January 2024, the inflow of BTC into the U.S. market has continued to reach new highs, with asset management giants like BlackRock and Fidelity rapidly expanding their management scale. Data shows that BlackRock's iShares Bitcoin ETF (IBIT) alone has surpassed $17 billion in assets under management. As of mid-May 2025, the cumulative net inflow of 11 major institutional Bitcoin spot ETFs on the market has exceeded $41.5 billion, with a total net asset value of $1214.69 billion, accounting for approximately 5.91% of the total Bitcoin market capitalization.


Chart showing the trend of net outflows for Grayscale among the 11 institutions


Institutional investors and some retail investors are shifting towards ETF products, partly due to compliance and tax considerations. On one hand, ETFs have much lower trading costs compared to cryptocurrency exchanges. While Coinbase's spot trading fee rate varies annually in a tiered manner but averages around 1.49%, for example, the management fee for IBIT ETF is only 0.25%, and the majority of ETF institution fees fluctuate around 0.15% to 0.25%.



In other words, the more rational users are, the more likely they are to move from exchanges to ETF products, especially for investors aiming for long-term holdings.


According to multiple sources, several institutions, including VanEck and Grayscale, have submitted applications to the SEC for a Solana (SOL) ETF, with some institutions also planning to submit an XRP ETF proposal. Once approved, this may trigger a new round of fund migration. According to a report submitted by Coinbase to the SEC, as of April, the platform's trading revenue from XRP and Solana accounted for 18% and 10%, nearly one-third of the platform's fee revenue.



However, the Bitcoin and Ethereum ETFs passed in 2024 also reduced the fees for these two tokens on Coinbase from 30% and 15% to 26% and 10%, respectively. If the SOL and XRP ETFs are approved, it will further undermine the core fee revenue of exchanges like Coinbase.


The expansion of ETF products is gradually weakening the financial intermediary status of cryptocurrency exchanges. From their original roles as matchmakers and clearers to now gradually becoming mere "on-ramps and off-ramps" for funds, exchanges are seeing their marginal value squeezed by ETFs.


Robinhood Takes a Stand, Traditional Brokerages Join the Fray


On May 12, 2025, SEC Chairman Paul S. Atkins gave a keynote speech at the Tokenization and Cryptocurrency Working Group roundtable. The theme of his speech revolved around "It is a new day at the SEC," where he indicated that the SEC would not approach enforcement and regulation the same way as before but would instead pave the way for cryptocurrency assets in the U.S. market.



With signs of cryptocurrency compliance such as the SEC's "NEW DAY" declaration, an increasing number of traditional brokerages are attempting to enter the cryptocurrency industry. One of the most representative cases is the well-known U.S. brokerage Robinhood, which began expanding its crypto business in 2018. By the time of its IPO in 2021, Robinhood's crypto business revenue accounted for over 50% of the company, with a significant boost from the Dogecoin "moonshot" promoted by Musk.


In Q1 2025 earnings report, Robinhood showcased strong growth, especially in revenue from cryptocurrency and options trading. Fueled by Trump's Memecoin, cryptocurrency-related revenue reached $250 million, nearly doubling year-over-year. Consequently, Robinhood Gold subscription users reached 3.5 million, a 90% increase from the previous year, with the rapid growth of Robinhood Gold providing the company with a stable source of income.



Meanwhile, RobinHood is actively pursuing acquisitions in the cryptocurrency space. In 2024, it announced a $2 billion acquisition of the long-standing European cryptocurrency exchange Bitstamp. Additionally, Canada's largest cryptocurrency CEX, WonderFi, which recently went public on the Toronto Stock Exchange, also announced its integration with RobinHood Crypto. After obtaining virtual asset licenses in the UK, Canada, Singapore, and other markets, RobinHood has taken a proactive approach in the compliant cryptocurrency trading market.



Furthermore, an increasing number of brokerage firms are exploring the same path. Futu Securities, Tiger Brokers, and others are also dipping their toes into cryptocurrency trading, with some having applied for or obtained the VA license from the Hong Kong SFC. Although their user bases are currently small, traditional brokerages have a natural advantage in user trust, regulatory licenses, and low fee structures. This could pose a threat to native cryptocurrency platforms in the future.



User Data Breach: Is Coinbase Still Secure?


In April 2025, security researchers discovered that some Coinbase user data was leaked on the dark web. While the platform initially responded by attributing it to a "technical misinformation," it still raised concerns among users regarding its security and privacy protection. Just two days before Dow Jones Indexes announced Coinbase's addition to the S&P 500 Index, on May 11, 2025, Coinbase received an email from an unknown threat actor claiming to have obtained customer account information and internal documents, demanding a $20 million ransom to keep the data private. Subsequent investigations confirmed the data breach.


Cybercriminals obtained the data by bribing overseas customer service agents and support staff, mainly in "non-U.S. regions such as India." These agents abused their access to Coinbase's internal customer support system and stole customer data. As early as February this year, blockchain detective ZachXBT revealed on X platform that between December 2024 and January 2025, Coinbase users lost over $65 million to social engineering scams, with the actual amount potentially higher.


Among the victims was a well-known figure, 67-year-old Ed Suman, an established artist in the art world for nearly two decades, having been involved in the creation of artworks such as Jeff Koons' "Balloon Dog" sculpture. Earlier this year, he fell victim to an impersonation scam involving fake Coinbase customer support, resulting in a loss of over $2 million in cryptocurrency. ZachXBT critiqued Coinbase for its inadequate handling of such scams, noting that other major exchanges have not faced similar issues and recommending Coinbase to enhance its security measures.


Amidst a series of ongoing social engineering incidents, although there has not been any impact on user assets at the technical level so far, it has raised concerns among many retail and institutional investors. Especially institutions holding massive assets on Coinbase. Just considering the U.S. BTC ETF institutions, as of mid-May 2025, they collectively hold nearly 840,000 BTC, and 75% of these are custodied by Coinbase. If we price BTC at $100,000, this amount reaches a staggering $63 billion, which is equivalent to the nominal GDP of two Iceland in the year 2024.


Visualization: ChatGPT, Source: Farside


In addition, Coinbase Custody also serves over 300 institutional clients, including hedge funds, family offices, pension funds, and endowments. As of the Q1 2025 financial report, Coinbase's total assets under management (including institutional and retail clients) reached $404 billion. The specific amount of institutional custodied assets was not explicitly disclosed in the latest report, but it should still be over 50% based on the Q4 2024 report.


Visualization: ChatGPT


Once this security barrier is breached, not only could the rate of user attrition far exceed expectations, but more importantly, institutional trust in it would undermine the foundation of its business. Therefore, after a hacking event, Coinbase's stock price plummeted significantly.


CEXs are All in Self-Rescue Mode


Facing a decline in spot trading fee revenue, Coinbase is also accelerating its transformation, attempting to find growth opportunities in derivatives and emerging assets. Coinbase acquired a stake in the options platform Deribit at the end of 2024 and announced the official launch of perpetual contract products in 2025. This acquisition fills in Coinbase's gap in options trading and its relatively small global market share.



Deribit has a strong presence in non-U.S. markets, especially in Asia and Europe. The acquisition has enabled Coinbase to gain a dominant position in bitcoin and ethereum options trading on Deribit, accounting for approximately 80% of the global options trading volume, with daily trading volume remaining above $2 billion.


Meanwhile, 80-90% of Deribit's customer base consists of institutional investors, with their professionalism and liquidity in the Bitcoin and Ethereum options market highly favored by institutions. Coinbase's compliance advantage, coupled with its already robust institutional ecosystem, makes it even more suitable. By using institutions as an entry point, it can face the squeeze from giants like Binance and OKX in the derivatives market.



Facing a similar dilemma is Kraken, which is attempting to replicate Binance Futures' model in non-U.S. markets. Since the derivatives market relies more on professional users, fee rates are relatively higher and stickiness is stronger, making it a significant source of revenue for exchanges. In the first half of 2025, Kraken completed the acquisition of TradeStation Crypto and a futures exchange, aiming to build a complete derivatives trading ecosystem to hedge the risk of declining spot transaction fee income.


With the surge of Memecoin in 2024, Binance, OKX, and various CEX platforms began massively listing small-market-cap, highly volatile tokens to activate active trading users. Due to the wealth effect and trading activity of Memecoins, Coinbase was also forced to join the battle, successively listing popular tokens from the Solana ecosystem such as BOOK OF MEME and Dogwifhat. Although these coins are controversial, they are frequently traded, with fee rates several times higher than mainstream coins, serving as a "blood-boosting" method for spot trading.


However, due to its status as a publicly traded company, this practice is a riskier endeavor for Coinbase. Even in the current crypto-friendly environment, the SEC is still investigating whether tokens like SOL, ADA, and SAND constitute securities.


In addition to the forced transformation strategies carried out by the aforementioned CEXs, they are also starting to lay out RWAs and the most talked-about stablecoin payment fields, such as the PYUSD launched through a collaboration between Coinbase and Paypal, Coinbase's support for the Euro stablecoin EURC by Circle that complies with EU MiCA regulatory requirements, or the USD1 launched through a collaboration between Binance and WIFL. In the increasingly crowded trading field, many CEXs have shifted their focus from just the trading market to the application field.


The golden age of transaction fees has quietly ended, and the second half of the crypto exchange platform game has silently begun.


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