OKX Friends Session 7 | In Conversation with Wind, Trader Turned Meme Lord: Revealing the "Mining Secrets" of Generating Millions in Monthly Revenue
Source: OKX

From Airdrops to Memecoin Racing, Achieving Multi-Million Dollar Gains with Single Projects Every Step of the Way
Fengshen says, to be successful, one must persistently engage in doing the right "ev" thing.
The most trade-savvy in airdrop farming and the most airdrop-savvy in trading, all-around player @0x0xfeng tells you how to farm airdrops while trading?
This is a conversation series for friends of #OKX, interviewer @mia_okx, welcome to follow along~
How to Make Your First Million?
I once served as the VP of Marketing Operations at an e-commerce company. By chance in 21, I got involved in the cryptocurrency field's "initial offering" business. I then resigned from the e-commerce company and focused on cryptocurrency initial offerings. With the increasing popularity of Bitcoin and blockchain at the time, I retrospected past projects, calculated costs and returns, found significant profits among them, and believed it was an opportunity not to be missed.
The first million was earned through Coinlist's initial offerings. The initial offering studio was not large; it initially set up a table in the living room and hired two college students to work, and it started like that. The initial investment included two computers, with a total investment of about more than $10,000; hiring two recent college graduates, each with a monthly salary of about $4,000, and so on. Through these investments, each account could invest $500, with a single project investing $10,000 - $20,000 U.
Although the initial offering at the time had a winning rate of only 3%-5%, those IDO projects rarely lost money back then. MX initially invested over $25,000, earned seven to eight hundred thousand dollars, then bought People to achieve a million. After experiencing the collapse of Luna and FTX, there was also a withdrawal of over two years, before returning to the peak of that year.
How to Transition Smoothly from the Airdrop Track to the Memecoin Track
In fact, many airdrop enthusiasts do not trade coins. In the P Junior's group, there may be 100 CAs in a day, and if you don’t look at the messages for a while, it becomes 999, while in the airdrop community, there may be only a few dozen sentences in a day, with most of the time spent on project work, so these are two different types of people. I was able to quickly transition from airdrop farming to MEME because I had friends playing, and I also enjoyed playing MEME myself. Personally, I feel that playing MEME requires positive feedback; otherwise, one can fall into anxiety and self-cannibalization, making it unsustainable. MEME has an impossibility triangle—volume, multiple, and certainty.
· Capacity means being able to take a large position
· Leverage means being able to achieve several times or even tens of times the returns
· Certainty, as the name suggests, means being certain to make money once you enter
However, currently, this kind of MEME has only been seen in TRUMP coin. It has both capacity (the official team added tens of millions of dollars to the pool), leverage (from the beginning, taking a large position allows you to enjoy several times or even a dozen times the gains), and certainty (a MEME personally issued by Trump)
The Road to MEME Mining
I prefer to play with coins that have a two-stage process or a larger capacity. P Xiaojun basically sleeps for 6-8 hours and spends all the remaining time on the chain, often needing to adjust to the time difference. Firstly, this is very detrimental to health, which I cannot endure. Secondly, the hundredfold returns we see are usually from very early entry, and it's very challenging to get in on the pre-sale. Those quick pump coins usually fill up the pre-sale by themselves, so retail investors rarely have the opportunity to participate. Therefore, personally, I prefer to play with coins that have a two-stage process. Generally, for coins with tens of millions or even hundreds of millions in market cap, as long as the narrative is understandable, and you roughly assess the market valuation yourself, it's easy to achieve a 50% return or even double your investment. It's very challenging for exchange platform coins to double in value, whereas in the MEME market, achieving double or multiple returns is relatively simple compared to the exchange platform.
Initially, BOME and SLERF allowed me to earn quite a bit, and I also earned a decent amount from Japanese cats. SLERF had a $1.2 million market cap in an hour, and the Japanese cat had around $1 million market cap overnight. Currently, these two have earned me the most. ChillGuy has also earned quite a bit through two-stage processes. At that time, CHILLGUY bought the bottom with a large position and sold off when there was a big rebound to a major exchange platform's contract. TRUMP was bought for approximately $14 per token with an investment of $600,000. Melania then bought approximately less than $2 million but made hundreds of thousands in profit and exited.
How to Evaluate MEME Narratives?
Look at the IP's popularity and the project team's operational capabilities. For emotional coins like these, if you feel that the hype has peaked, you need to sell. There is a saying that sells at the peak of people's hype, which is the idea. For example, even when GOAT was at $600-700 million during peak hype, selling at that time was not a problem. Although it wasn't the highest point, as long as it is a reasonable price in your cognition or psychologically, it's fine.
Ultimately, you need to review your trades more, train your understanding and gut feeling, and accumulate experience. For example, if you go through a coin's journey from inception to climax, and then from climax to zero, you have probably experienced the lifecycle of that token. For instance, with TRUMP, many people invested hundreds of thousands or even millions. Similar to SLERF and BOME, their most significant feature is fairness. This also aligns with the previously mentioned MEME Impossible Triangle theory, where capacity, leverage, and certainty are all combined.
For CHILLGUY, it was all about market heat and sentiment at the time. Every time it experienced a deep dive, there was a strong buy-the-dip force. Observing CHILLGUY's trading volume and number of holding addresses, it seemed like it was poised for a major exchange listing, indicating strong upward potential. Judging its turnover rate was also straightforward; a turnover rate exceeding 1%-5% was already considered significant, with the most prominent phenomenon being consistently high trading volume while the market cap remained relatively stable.
CHILLGUY had over one hundred thousand holding addresses, while TRUMP had over seventy thousand, and generally, most MEME coins had around forty to fifty thousand holding addresses. This clearly indicated that CHILLGUY had a significant traffic volume. With several consecutive days of leading on-chain transaction volume and being part of a very innovative concept in the TIKTOK track, I decided to get on board. My biggest realization was the significant difference between MEME coins and traditional VC coins. Due to their novelty, especially for a leader in a particular track, we cannot precisely value MEME coins. Unlike traditional Layer2 public chains, which can be evaluated based on TVL, user base, and ecosystem, it was challenging to determine the value of something like ORDI initially, a new element in a specific track.
How to Control Take Profit, Stop Loss, and Position Management?
Avoid Over-Optimism and Self-Brainwashing
Traders often tend to be overly optimistic about the projects they choose, overlooking their potential risks. Learning to analyze projects from a calm and objective perspective and avoiding self-brainwashing and self-hyping is crucial. For example, when a project experiences a surge due to hype followed by a decline, it is essential to rationally assess whether it can rise again rather than blindly believing it will repeat its previous performance.
Implement Timely Stop Loss and Avoid Holding Onto Losing Positions Stubbornly
Many individuals tend to stubbornly hold onto losing projects out of reluctance to accept losses, always hoping to break even. However, this often results in missing the optimal time to set a stop loss, leading to further losses. Learning to evaluate if a project still holds potential and promptly implementing a stop loss if it seems the project is not recovering is crucial to prevent falling into a deeper hole. As Feng Wuxiang has said, in the long run, only good hands are worth investing in, and bad hands should be abandoned promptly.
Adopt Proper Position Allocation to Avoid Over-Concentration
Avoid concentrating all funds on a few projects and instead adopt a rational position allocation strategy to mitigate risks. By diversifying trades, you can increase fault tolerance, ensuring that even if some projects incur losses, it will not devastate your overall assets. For instance, as I've previously mentioned, even if five out of ten projects are down by half, proper position management can still safeguard the security of your overall assets.
Grow Your Investment Through Profit Rolling While Safeguarding Your Capital
It is essential to learn how to roll your profits into trades instead of constantly adding to your capital. This approach can increase investment returns while ensuring the safety of your initial capital. After gaining profits, you can reinvest a portion of them, but it is important to ensure that your capital remains intact. Through this method, you can steadily grow your assets over the long term.
Pay Attention to Project Narrative and Market Sentiment
The project narrative and market sentiment are crucial for trading decisions. It is important to assess whether a project's narrative is compelling and if market sentiment is bullish. When market sentiment reaches a peak, it is often a good time to take profits; whereas during a market downturn, there may be an opportunity to position oneself. For example, when everyone is hyping a project worldwide, it is likely a good time to sell.
Choose Projects with High Certainty
During trading, try to select projects with high certainty. Projects with a clear use case, a strong team background, and promising market prospects deserve more attention and trading activity. At the same time, avoid investing in projects with high uncertainty to mitigate trading risks.
How to Participate in MEME Culture and Yield Farming Simultaneously?
Because engaging in MEME culture is quite an "ev" (evolutionary) thing, such as playing MEME and often using JUP, knowing that JUP will have a future airdrop.
Personally, I don't use the BOT, only engage in two aspects. In most cases, for example, after our BOT purchase, and when the price stabilizes at a certain point, when I decide to sell, I also use JUP to sell. This way, I boost the trading volume of JUP while reducing the BOT's 1% fee. In this back-and-forth process, I receive a $50,000 airdrop and save around $50,000 on the Trading BOT fee. The total comes to $100,000 in and out, which covers the wear and tear of playing MEME. When you do the math this way, it's actually a decent sum of money.
Similarly, with Metaora, many of us judged it to be quite significant. So, many times when I sell, I tend to increase my position in Metaora's pool, collect the fees, and then exit. Because I know that Metaora's airdrop will also be valuable. For example, if I currently have 50,000 coins, I add them to the pool, and when the price reaches $70,000 or $80,000 to sell, I collect a fee of $5,000 to $10,000, and this fee from the airdrop will also be refunded to me in the future,
In short, it's about having fun with MEME while also doing some very positive EV activities, such as intentionally using tools from projects with airdrops.
@mia_okx's Final Thoughts:
Fengshen is a very straightforward and sincere person. Many times in our conversations, I tried to have him summarize some high-winning-rate methodology for everyone, but he didn't give any grand summary. He simply said, with a hint of nonchalance, "You'll get the hang of it after playing for a while."
He mentioned that industry successful figures he knows who started from the ground up work 16 hours a day, 6 days a week, pouring their heart and soul into it, persisting for a year or even longer before achieving success. Doing positive EV activities, calculating expected returns, and then all that's left is sitting there and persevering. This once again made the words "focus" and "diligence" more concrete in Mia's mind.
This time, Fengshen also generously shared the method for sustained profitability. A multi-dimensional strategy is key, combining both serious trading and MEME, leveraging the benefits of various platforms, focusing on long-term gains. Risk control is equally important — timely stop-loss, proper fund allocation, avoiding chasing highs and selling lows. In terms of mindset, he suggested maintaining objectivity and calmness, not pursuing perfection, and accepting the market's rules. Long-term development requires continuous learning, patience being the main focus. Hopefully, everyone will gain something from this.
Finally, a big thanks to @0x0xfeng for the sharing, and everyone is welcome to continue following the "Friends of OKX" dialogue series.
Disclaimer:
This article is for reference only. The opinions expressed are solely those of the author and do not represent the position of OKX. This article does not intend to provide (i) investment advice or recommendations; (ii) an offer or solicitation to buy, sell, or hold digital assets; (iii) financial, accounting, legal, or tax advice. We do not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of such information. Holding digital assets (including stablecoins and NFTs) involves high risks and may experience significant fluctuations. You should carefully consider whether trading or holding digital assets is suitable for your financial situation. For your specific circumstances, consult your legal/tax/investment professional. You are responsible for understanding and complying with local applicable laws and regulations.
This article is a contributed submission and does not represent the views of BlockBeats.
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$COIN Joins S&P 500, but Coinbase Isn't Celebrating
On May 13, S&P Dow Jones Indices announced that Coinbase would officially replace Discover Financial Services in the S&P 500 on May 19. While other companies like Block and MicroStrategy, closely tied to Bitcoin, were already part of the S&P 500, Coinbase became the first cryptocurrency exchange whose primary business is in the index. This also signifies that cryptocurrency is gradually moving from the fringes to the mainstream in the U.S.
On the day of the announcement, Coinbase's stock price surged by 23%, surpassing the $250 mark. However, just 3 days later, Coinbase was hit by two consecutive events: a hack where employees were bribed to steal customer data and a demand for a $20 million ransom, and an investigation by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) into the authenticity of its claim of having over 100 million "verified users" in its securities filings and marketing materials. These two events acted as mini-bombs, and at the time of writing, Coinbase's stock had already dropped by over 7.3%.
Coincidentally, Discover Financial Services, being replaced by Coinbase, can also be considered the "Coinbase" of the previous payment era. Discover is a U.S.-based digital banking and payment services company headquartered in Illinois, founded in 1960. Its payment network, Discover Network, is the fourth largest payment network apart from Visa, Mastercard, and American Express.
In April, after the approval of the acquisition of Discover by the sixth-largest U.S. bank, Capital One, this well-established digital banking company of over 60 years smoothly handed over its S&P 500 "seat" to this emerging cryptocurrency "bank." This unexpected coincidence also portrayed the handover between the new and old eras in Coinbase's entry into the S&P 500, resembling a relay race scene. However, this relay baton also brought Coinbase's accumulated "external troubles and internal strife" to a tipping point.
Over the past decade, cryptocurrency exchanges have been the most stable "profit machines." They play a role in providing liquidity to the entire industry and rely on trading fees to sustain their operations. However, with the comprehensive rollout of ETF products in the U.S. market, this profit model is facing unprecedented challenges. As the leader in the "American stack," with over 80% of its business coming from the U.S., Coinbase is most affected by this.
Starting from the approval of Bitcoin and Ethereum spot ETFs, traditional financial capital has significantly onboarded users and funds that originally belonged to exchanges in a more cost-effective, compliant, and transparent manner. The transaction fee revenue of cryptocurrency exchanges has started to decline, and this trend may further intensify in the coming months.
According to Coinbase's 2024 Q4 financial report, the platform's total trading revenue was $417 million, a 45% year-on-year decrease. The contribution of BTC and ETH's trading revenue dropped from 65% in the same period last year to less than 50%.
This decline is not a result of a decrease in market enthusiasm. In fact, since the approval of the Bitcoin ETF in January 2024, the inflow of BTC into the U.S. market has continued to reach new highs, with asset management giants like BlackRock and Fidelity rapidly expanding their management scale. Data shows that BlackRock's iShares Bitcoin ETF (IBIT) alone has surpassed $17 billion in assets under management. As of mid-May 2025, the cumulative net inflow of 11 major institutional Bitcoin spot ETFs on the market has exceeded $41.5 billion, with a total net asset value of $1214.69 billion, accounting for approximately 5.91% of the total Bitcoin market capitalization.
Institutional investors and some retail investors are shifting towards ETF products, partly due to compliance and tax considerations. On one hand, ETFs have much lower trading costs compared to cryptocurrency exchanges. While Coinbase's spot trading fee rate varies annually in a tiered manner but averages around 1.49%, for example, the management fee for IBIT ETF is only 0.25%, and the majority of ETF institution fees fluctuate around 0.15% to 0.25%.
In other words, the more rational users are, the more likely they are to move from exchanges to ETF products, especially for investors aiming for long-term holdings.
According to multiple sources, several institutions, including VanEck and Grayscale, have submitted applications to the SEC for a Solana (SOL) ETF, with some institutions also planning to submit an XRP ETF proposal. Once approved, this may trigger a new round of fund migration. According to a report submitted by Coinbase to the SEC, as of April, the platform's trading revenue from XRP and Solana accounted for 18% and 10%, nearly one-third of the platform's fee revenue.
However, the Bitcoin and Ethereum ETFs passed in 2024 also reduced the fees for these two tokens on Coinbase from 30% and 15% to 26% and 10%, respectively. If the SOL and XRP ETFs are approved, it will further undermine the core fee revenue of exchanges like Coinbase.
The expansion of ETF products is gradually weakening the financial intermediary status of cryptocurrency exchanges. From their original roles as matchmakers and clearers to now gradually becoming mere "on-ramps and off-ramps" for funds, exchanges are seeing their marginal value squeezed by ETFs.
On May 12, 2025, SEC Chairman Paul S. Atkins gave a keynote speech at the Tokenization and Cryptocurrency Working Group roundtable. The theme of his speech revolved around "It is a new day at the SEC," where he indicated that the SEC would not approach enforcement and regulation the same way as before but would instead pave the way for cryptocurrency assets in the U.S. market.
With signs of cryptocurrency compliance such as the SEC's "NEW DAY" declaration, an increasing number of traditional brokerages are attempting to enter the cryptocurrency industry. One of the most representative cases is the well-known U.S. brokerage Robinhood, which began expanding its crypto business in 2018. By the time of its IPO in 2021, Robinhood's crypto business revenue accounted for over 50% of the company, with a significant boost from the Dogecoin "moonshot" promoted by Musk.
In Q1 2025 earnings report, Robinhood showcased strong growth, especially in revenue from cryptocurrency and options trading. Fueled by Trump's Memecoin, cryptocurrency-related revenue reached $250 million, nearly doubling year-over-year. Consequently, Robinhood Gold subscription users reached 3.5 million, a 90% increase from the previous year, with the rapid growth of Robinhood Gold providing the company with a stable source of income.
Meanwhile, RobinHood is actively pursuing acquisitions in the cryptocurrency space. In 2024, it announced a $2 billion acquisition of the long-standing European cryptocurrency exchange Bitstamp. Additionally, Canada's largest cryptocurrency CEX, WonderFi, which recently went public on the Toronto Stock Exchange, also announced its integration with RobinHood Crypto. After obtaining virtual asset licenses in the UK, Canada, Singapore, and other markets, RobinHood has taken a proactive approach in the compliant cryptocurrency trading market.
Furthermore, an increasing number of brokerage firms are exploring the same path. Futu Securities, Tiger Brokers, and others are also dipping their toes into cryptocurrency trading, with some having applied for or obtained the VA license from the Hong Kong SFC. Although their user bases are currently small, traditional brokerages have a natural advantage in user trust, regulatory licenses, and low fee structures. This could pose a threat to native cryptocurrency platforms in the future.
In April 2025, security researchers discovered that some Coinbase user data was leaked on the dark web. While the platform initially responded by attributing it to a "technical misinformation," it still raised concerns among users regarding its security and privacy protection. Just two days before Dow Jones Indexes announced Coinbase's addition to the S&P 500 Index, on May 11, 2025, Coinbase received an email from an unknown threat actor claiming to have obtained customer account information and internal documents, demanding a $20 million ransom to keep the data private. Subsequent investigations confirmed the data breach.
Cybercriminals obtained the data by bribing overseas customer service agents and support staff, mainly in "non-U.S. regions such as India." These agents abused their access to Coinbase's internal customer support system and stole customer data. As early as February this year, blockchain detective ZachXBT revealed on X platform that between December 2024 and January 2025, Coinbase users lost over $65 million to social engineering scams, with the actual amount potentially higher.
Among the victims was a well-known figure, 67-year-old Ed Suman, an established artist in the art world for nearly two decades, having been involved in the creation of artworks such as Jeff Koons' "Balloon Dog" sculpture. Earlier this year, he fell victim to an impersonation scam involving fake Coinbase customer support, resulting in a loss of over $2 million in cryptocurrency. ZachXBT critiqued Coinbase for its inadequate handling of such scams, noting that other major exchanges have not faced similar issues and recommending Coinbase to enhance its security measures.
Amidst a series of ongoing social engineering incidents, although there has not been any impact on user assets at the technical level so far, it has raised concerns among many retail and institutional investors. Especially institutions holding massive assets on Coinbase. Just considering the U.S. BTC ETF institutions, as of mid-May 2025, they collectively hold nearly 840,000 BTC, and 75% of these are custodied by Coinbase. If we price BTC at $100,000, this amount reaches a staggering $63 billion, which is equivalent to the nominal GDP of two Iceland in the year 2024.
In addition, Coinbase Custody also serves over 300 institutional clients, including hedge funds, family offices, pension funds, and endowments. As of the Q1 2025 financial report, Coinbase's total assets under management (including institutional and retail clients) reached $404 billion. The specific amount of institutional custodied assets was not explicitly disclosed in the latest report, but it should still be over 50% based on the Q4 2024 report.
Once this security barrier is breached, not only could the rate of user attrition far exceed expectations, but more importantly, institutional trust in it would undermine the foundation of its business. Therefore, after a hacking event, Coinbase's stock price plummeted significantly.
Facing a decline in spot trading fee revenue, Coinbase is also accelerating its transformation, attempting to find growth opportunities in derivatives and emerging assets. Coinbase acquired a stake in the options platform Deribit at the end of 2024 and announced the official launch of perpetual contract products in 2025. This acquisition fills in Coinbase's gap in options trading and its relatively small global market share.
Deribit has a strong presence in non-U.S. markets, especially in Asia and Europe. The acquisition has enabled Coinbase to gain a dominant position in bitcoin and ethereum options trading on Deribit, accounting for approximately 80% of the global options trading volume, with daily trading volume remaining above $2 billion.
Meanwhile, 80-90% of Deribit's customer base consists of institutional investors, with their professionalism and liquidity in the Bitcoin and Ethereum options market highly favored by institutions. Coinbase's compliance advantage, coupled with its already robust institutional ecosystem, makes it even more suitable. By using institutions as an entry point, it can face the squeeze from giants like Binance and OKX in the derivatives market.
Facing a similar dilemma is Kraken, which is attempting to replicate Binance Futures' model in non-U.S. markets. Since the derivatives market relies more on professional users, fee rates are relatively higher and stickiness is stronger, making it a significant source of revenue for exchanges. In the first half of 2025, Kraken completed the acquisition of TradeStation Crypto and a futures exchange, aiming to build a complete derivatives trading ecosystem to hedge the risk of declining spot transaction fee income.
With the surge of Memecoin in 2024, Binance, OKX, and various CEX platforms began massively listing small-market-cap, highly volatile tokens to activate active trading users. Due to the wealth effect and trading activity of Memecoins, Coinbase was also forced to join the battle, successively listing popular tokens from the Solana ecosystem such as BOOK OF MEME and Dogwifhat. Although these coins are controversial, they are frequently traded, with fee rates several times higher than mainstream coins, serving as a "blood-boosting" method for spot trading.
However, due to its status as a publicly traded company, this practice is a riskier endeavor for Coinbase. Even in the current crypto-friendly environment, the SEC is still investigating whether tokens like SOL, ADA, and SAND constitute securities.
In addition to the forced transformation strategies carried out by the aforementioned CEXs, they are also starting to lay out RWAs and the most talked-about stablecoin payment fields, such as the PYUSD launched through a collaboration between Coinbase and Paypal, Coinbase's support for the Euro stablecoin EURC by Circle that complies with EU MiCA regulatory requirements, or the USD1 launched through a collaboration between Binance and WIFL. In the increasingly crowded trading field, many CEXs have shifted their focus from just the trading market to the application field.
The golden age of transaction fees has quietly ended, and the second half of the crypto exchange platform game has silently begun.
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$COIN Joins S&P 500, but Coinbase Isn't Celebrating
On May 13, S&P Dow Jones Indices announced that Coinbase would officially replace Discover Financial Services in the S&P 500 on May 19. While other companies like Block and MicroStrategy, closely tied to Bitcoin, were already part of the S&P 500, Coinbase became the first cryptocurrency exchange whose primary business is in the index. This also signifies that cryptocurrency is gradually moving from the fringes to the mainstream in the U.S.
On the day of the announcement, Coinbase's stock price surged by 23%, surpassing the $250 mark. However, just 3 days later, Coinbase was hit by two consecutive events: a hack where employees were bribed to steal customer data and a demand for a $20 million ransom, and an investigation by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) into the authenticity of its claim of having over 100 million "verified users" in its securities filings and marketing materials. These two events acted as mini-bombs, and at the time of writing, Coinbase's stock had already dropped by over 7.3%.
Coincidentally, Discover Financial Services, being replaced by Coinbase, can also be considered the "Coinbase" of the previous payment era. Discover is a U.S.-based digital banking and payment services company headquartered in Illinois, founded in 1960. Its payment network, Discover Network, is the fourth largest payment network apart from Visa, Mastercard, and American Express.
In April, after the approval of the acquisition of Discover by the sixth-largest U.S. bank, Capital One, this well-established digital banking company of over 60 years smoothly handed over its S&P 500 "seat" to this emerging cryptocurrency "bank." This unexpected coincidence also portrayed the handover between the new and old eras in Coinbase's entry into the S&P 500, resembling a relay race scene. However, this relay baton also brought Coinbase's accumulated "external troubles and internal strife" to a tipping point.
Over the past decade, cryptocurrency exchanges have been the most stable "profit machines." They play a role in providing liquidity to the entire industry and rely on trading fees to sustain their operations. However, with the comprehensive rollout of ETF products in the U.S. market, this profit model is facing unprecedented challenges. As the leader in the "American stack," with over 80% of its business coming from the U.S., Coinbase is most affected by this.
Starting from the approval of Bitcoin and Ethereum spot ETFs, traditional financial capital has significantly onboarded users and funds that originally belonged to exchanges in a more cost-effective, compliant, and transparent manner. The transaction fee revenue of cryptocurrency exchanges has started to decline, and this trend may further intensify in the coming months.
According to Coinbase's 2024 Q4 financial report, the platform's total trading revenue was $417 million, a 45% year-on-year decrease. The contribution of BTC and ETH's trading revenue dropped from 65% in the same period last year to less than 50%.
This decline is not a result of a decrease in market enthusiasm. In fact, since the approval of the Bitcoin ETF in January 2024, the inflow of BTC into the U.S. market has continued to reach new highs, with asset management giants like BlackRock and Fidelity rapidly expanding their management scale. Data shows that BlackRock's iShares Bitcoin ETF (IBIT) alone has surpassed $17 billion in assets under management. As of mid-May 2025, the cumulative net inflow of 11 major institutional Bitcoin spot ETFs on the market has exceeded $41.5 billion, with a total net asset value of $1214.69 billion, accounting for approximately 5.91% of the total Bitcoin market capitalization.
Institutional investors and some retail investors are shifting towards ETF products, partly due to compliance and tax considerations. On one hand, ETFs have much lower trading costs compared to cryptocurrency exchanges. While Coinbase's spot trading fee rate varies annually in a tiered manner but averages around 1.49%, for example, the management fee for IBIT ETF is only 0.25%, and the majority of ETF institution fees fluctuate around 0.15% to 0.25%.
In other words, the more rational users are, the more likely they are to move from exchanges to ETF products, especially for investors aiming for long-term holdings.
According to multiple sources, several institutions, including VanEck and Grayscale, have submitted applications to the SEC for a Solana (SOL) ETF, with some institutions also planning to submit an XRP ETF proposal. Once approved, this may trigger a new round of fund migration. According to a report submitted by Coinbase to the SEC, as of April, the platform's trading revenue from XRP and Solana accounted for 18% and 10%, nearly one-third of the platform's fee revenue.
However, the Bitcoin and Ethereum ETFs passed in 2024 also reduced the fees for these two tokens on Coinbase from 30% and 15% to 26% and 10%, respectively. If the SOL and XRP ETFs are approved, it will further undermine the core fee revenue of exchanges like Coinbase.
The expansion of ETF products is gradually weakening the financial intermediary status of cryptocurrency exchanges. From their original roles as matchmakers and clearers to now gradually becoming mere "on-ramps and off-ramps" for funds, exchanges are seeing their marginal value squeezed by ETFs.
On May 12, 2025, SEC Chairman Paul S. Atkins gave a keynote speech at the Tokenization and Cryptocurrency Working Group roundtable. The theme of his speech revolved around "It is a new day at the SEC," where he indicated that the SEC would not approach enforcement and regulation the same way as before but would instead pave the way for cryptocurrency assets in the U.S. market.
With signs of cryptocurrency compliance such as the SEC's "NEW DAY" declaration, an increasing number of traditional brokerages are attempting to enter the cryptocurrency industry. One of the most representative cases is the well-known U.S. brokerage Robinhood, which began expanding its crypto business in 2018. By the time of its IPO in 2021, Robinhood's crypto business revenue accounted for over 50% of the company, with a significant boost from the Dogecoin "moonshot" promoted by Musk.
In Q1 2025 earnings report, Robinhood showcased strong growth, especially in revenue from cryptocurrency and options trading. Fueled by Trump's Memecoin, cryptocurrency-related revenue reached $250 million, nearly doubling year-over-year. Consequently, Robinhood Gold subscription users reached 3.5 million, a 90% increase from the previous year, with the rapid growth of Robinhood Gold providing the company with a stable source of income.
Meanwhile, RobinHood is actively pursuing acquisitions in the cryptocurrency space. In 2024, it announced a $2 billion acquisition of the long-standing European cryptocurrency exchange Bitstamp. Additionally, Canada's largest cryptocurrency CEX, WonderFi, which recently went public on the Toronto Stock Exchange, also announced its integration with RobinHood Crypto. After obtaining virtual asset licenses in the UK, Canada, Singapore, and other markets, RobinHood has taken a proactive approach in the compliant cryptocurrency trading market.
Furthermore, an increasing number of brokerage firms are exploring the same path. Futu Securities, Tiger Brokers, and others are also dipping their toes into cryptocurrency trading, with some having applied for or obtained the VA license from the Hong Kong SFC. Although their user bases are currently small, traditional brokerages have a natural advantage in user trust, regulatory licenses, and low fee structures. This could pose a threat to native cryptocurrency platforms in the future.
In April 2025, security researchers discovered that some Coinbase user data was leaked on the dark web. While the platform initially responded by attributing it to a "technical misinformation," it still raised concerns among users regarding its security and privacy protection. Just two days before Dow Jones Indexes announced Coinbase's addition to the S&P 500 Index, on May 11, 2025, Coinbase received an email from an unknown threat actor claiming to have obtained customer account information and internal documents, demanding a $20 million ransom to keep the data private. Subsequent investigations confirmed the data breach.
Cybercriminals obtained the data by bribing overseas customer service agents and support staff, mainly in "non-U.S. regions such as India." These agents abused their access to Coinbase's internal customer support system and stole customer data. As early as February this year, blockchain detective ZachXBT revealed on X platform that between December 2024 and January 2025, Coinbase users lost over $65 million to social engineering scams, with the actual amount potentially higher.
Among the victims was a well-known figure, 67-year-old Ed Suman, an established artist in the art world for nearly two decades, having been involved in the creation of artworks such as Jeff Koons' "Balloon Dog" sculpture. Earlier this year, he fell victim to an impersonation scam involving fake Coinbase customer support, resulting in a loss of over $2 million in cryptocurrency. ZachXBT critiqued Coinbase for its inadequate handling of such scams, noting that other major exchanges have not faced similar issues and recommending Coinbase to enhance its security measures.
Amidst a series of ongoing social engineering incidents, although there has not been any impact on user assets at the technical level so far, it has raised concerns among many retail and institutional investors. Especially institutions holding massive assets on Coinbase. Just considering the U.S. BTC ETF institutions, as of mid-May 2025, they collectively hold nearly 840,000 BTC, and 75% of these are custodied by Coinbase. If we price BTC at $100,000, this amount reaches a staggering $63 billion, which is equivalent to the nominal GDP of two Iceland in the year 2024.
In addition, Coinbase Custody also serves over 300 institutional clients, including hedge funds, family offices, pension funds, and endowments. As of the Q1 2025 financial report, Coinbase's total assets under management (including institutional and retail clients) reached $404 billion. The specific amount of institutional custodied assets was not explicitly disclosed in the latest report, but it should still be over 50% based on the Q4 2024 report.
Once this security barrier is breached, not only could the rate of user attrition far exceed expectations, but more importantly, institutional trust in it would undermine the foundation of its business. Therefore, after a hacking event, Coinbase's stock price plummeted significantly.
Facing a decline in spot trading fee revenue, Coinbase is also accelerating its transformation, attempting to find growth opportunities in derivatives and emerging assets. Coinbase acquired a stake in the options platform Deribit at the end of 2024 and announced the official launch of perpetual contract products in 2025. This acquisition fills in Coinbase's gap in options trading and its relatively small global market share.
Deribit has a strong presence in non-U.S. markets, especially in Asia and Europe. The acquisition has enabled Coinbase to gain a dominant position in bitcoin and ethereum options trading on Deribit, accounting for approximately 80% of the global options trading volume, with daily trading volume remaining above $2 billion.
Meanwhile, 80-90% of Deribit's customer base consists of institutional investors, with their professionalism and liquidity in the Bitcoin and Ethereum options market highly favored by institutions. Coinbase's compliance advantage, coupled with its already robust institutional ecosystem, makes it even more suitable. By using institutions as an entry point, it can face the squeeze from giants like Binance and OKX in the derivatives market.
Facing a similar dilemma is Kraken, which is attempting to replicate Binance Futures' model in non-U.S. markets. Since the derivatives market relies more on professional users, fee rates are relatively higher and stickiness is stronger, making it a significant source of revenue for exchanges. In the first half of 2025, Kraken completed the acquisition of TradeStation Crypto and a futures exchange, aiming to build a complete derivatives trading ecosystem to hedge the risk of declining spot transaction fee income.
With the surge of Memecoin in 2024, Binance, OKX, and various CEX platforms began massively listing small-market-cap, highly volatile tokens to activate active trading users. Due to the wealth effect and trading activity of Memecoins, Coinbase was also forced to join the battle, successively listing popular tokens from the Solana ecosystem such as BOOK OF MEME and Dogwifhat. Although these coins are controversial, they are frequently traded, with fee rates several times higher than mainstream coins, serving as a "blood-boosting" method for spot trading.
However, due to its status as a publicly traded company, this practice is a riskier endeavor for Coinbase. Even in the current crypto-friendly environment, the SEC is still investigating whether tokens like SOL, ADA, and SAND constitute securities.
In addition to the forced transformation strategies carried out by the aforementioned CEXs, they are also starting to lay out RWAs and the most talked-about stablecoin payment fields, such as the PYUSD launched through a collaboration between Coinbase and Paypal, Coinbase's support for the Euro stablecoin EURC by Circle that complies with EU MiCA regulatory requirements, or the USD1 launched through a collaboration between Binance and WIFL. In the increasingly crowded trading field, many CEXs have shifted their focus from just the trading market to the application field.
The golden age of transaction fees has quietly ended, and the second half of the crypto exchange platform game has silently begun.