From "King of the Forks" to "Institutional Wonderland"? Can Pectra's Upgrade Reshape the Ethereum Ecosystem Landscape

By: blockbeats|2025/03/14 00:15:03
Share
copy
Original Article Title: "From 'King of Forks' to 'Institutional Playground'? Can the Pectra Upgrade Reshape the Ethereum Ecosystem Landscape?"
Original Article Author: Ac-Core, YBB Capital Researcher

1. Background of the Pectra Hard Fork

From

Image Source: coinpedia

The Ethereum Pectra upgrade went live on March 5th, combining the Prague and Electra updates to optimize Ethereum's execution layer and consensus layer. The Pectra fork is a major upgrade to the Ethereum network aimed at improving ETH staking experience, enhancing Layer 2 (L2) scalability, expanding network capacity, and introducing 11 Ethereum Improvement Proposals. The upgrade process was first implemented on the Holesky testnet on February 24, 2024, with the final deployment of Pectra to the mainnet planned for April 8, 2024, subject to successful upgrades on the Holesky and Sepolia testnets.

Pectra follows the Dencun upgrade implemented in March 2024. According to ethereum.org (see Reference 1), the Ethereum Pectra upgrade is expected to integrate several key Ethereum Improvement Proposals that collectively address challenges in scalability, security, and user experience. The Pectra upgrade will be implemented in two phases:

Phase 1: Mid-March 2025

● L2 Blob Capacity Doubling: Increasing the Blob capacity per block from 3 to 6 to reduce congestion and lower fees;

● Account Abstraction: Allowing Gas fees to be paid with stablecoins like USDC and DAI, providing more payment flexibility;

● Increased Validator Staking Limit: Raising the staking cap from 32 ETH to 2,048 ETH to enable large-scale staking operations;

Phase 2: End of 2025 or Early 2026

● Implementation of Verkle Trees: Replacing Merkle-Patricia with a more efficient data structure to improve data storage and synchronization;

● Peer Data Availability Sampling (PeerDAS): By allowing nodes to validate transaction data without storing all data, it improves scalability.

II. Specific Content of the 11 Improvement Proposals for the Pectra Upgrade

Image Source: datawallet

Ethereum's Pectra upgrade consists of 11 EIPs (Ethereum Improvement Proposals). These proposals are aimed at enhancing various aspects of the network, such as scalability, security, account abstraction, and the validator staking mechanism. The following will outline the key proposals of the improvement proposals (different researchers have differing opinions on the key proposals, the following are solely personal views on important proposals) and the impact of the proposals on Ethereum's development.

1. EIP-7702: Account Abstraction

· Content: This proposal allows Externally Owned Accounts (EOAs) to perform some smart contract functions, making account operations more flexible, such as batch transactions and sponsoring gas fees. This greatly enhances wallet functionality, enabling it to support more operation modes.

· View: This proposal undoubtedly makes account abstraction wallets more powerful. They can now not only perform regular transfer operations but also execute some advanced functions similar to smart contracts, such as batch transactions or having someone else pay your gas fees. (Related EIP-7840 provides a broader account function extension, which may allow users to customize more complex account behaviors)

2. EIP-7251: Validator Staking Increase

· Content: The maximum staking balance for validators is increased from 32 ETH to 2048 ETH. This can streamline validator management, allowing for a larger scale of validator nodes, thus reducing management complexity.

· View: The significant increase in the staking amount undoubtedly increases Ethereum's centralization. The more concentrated the nodes, the easier it is for malicious behavior, while also raising the profitability difficulty of the Ethereum market. Node operation and MEV arbitrage costs will significantly increase, making it no longer suitable for the "average person" and more suitable for institutions.

3. EIP-7002: Withdrawal Improvement

· Content: Allows execution layer addresses to trigger withdrawal operations, reducing the trust assumptions between the consensus layer and execution layer, simplifying the withdrawal process, and enhancing the network's flexibility.

· Viewpoint: Mainly aimed at making the withdrawal process simpler, eliminating the need for complex steps. Validators can withdraw more directly from staking, reducing intermediate steps.

4. EIP-6110: Validator Activation Delay Optimization

· Content: Validator activation delay for deposits has been reduced from about 9 hours to about 13 minutes, greatly improving validator participation efficiency and flexibility.

· Viewpoint: The speed at which new validators join the network has significantly increased, reducing costs from a storage management and contract storage perspective, shrinking from the previous 9 hours to just 13 minutes. To some extent, this also enhances Ethereum's resource utilization.

5. EIP-7691: Data Block Extension

· Content: Increased data block capacity by 50%, meaning the network can process more transactions, enhancing overall scalability and transaction throughput.

· Viewpoint: Ethereum's block size has increased by 50%, allowing the network to process more transactions, especially during peak periods, reducing the likelihood of network congestion and increasing transaction speed. (Related to EIP-7742, which can dynamically adjust the Blob's capacity, adjusting the maximum and target Blob quantity per block, especially for L2)

6. EIP-7516: Improving MEV Transparency

· Content: Providing more information and transparency about the maximum extractable value of MEV to help users and developers better understand and monitor MEV activities on the blockchain.

· Viewpoint: Increased transparency on MEV, as well as increased arbitrage difficulty as with EIP-7251, greatly ensures transaction fairness at a higher cost.

7. EIP-7549: Gas Fee Adjustment

· Content: By adjusting the Gas fee structure, further optimizing the network's fee mechanism, alleviating network burden during peak hours, making transaction fees more reasonable.

· Viewpoint: Adjusting the Gas fee structure means that even when the network is busy, transaction fees will be more stable, reducing the situation where users have to pay high fees during peak periods. (EIP-6046 also involves adjusting the Gas fee structure, but EIP-7549 proposes a more dynamic and flexible fee adjustment scheme)

8. EIP-7685: Governance Mechanism Optimization

· Content:  Optimize network governance to enhance decentralized governance mechanisms, making the governance process more transparent and efficient.

· Viewpoint: Ethereum's governance may become more transparent and efficient, especially in the proposal review and approval process, improving governance efficiency and making community decision-making more flexible.

9. EIP-7021: Validator Penalty Mechanism Optimization

· Content:  Adjust the penalty mechanism for validators to ensure that validator behavior aligns more with the network's interests and reduces the impact of misconduct.

· Viewpoint: The improved penalty mechanism will better constrain validator behavior, serving as a remedial mechanism for increasing the maximum staking balance from 32 ETH to 2048 ETH to balance network security and validator incentives, ensuring consensus layer stability.

10. EIP-7683: Smart Contract Performance Optimization

· Content:  Optimize smart contract execution efficiency, particularly in terms of Gas consumption, reduce execution costs, and improve smart contract operation efficiency on the network.

· Viewpoint: Smart contracts run more efficiently, consuming less Gas fees, which may fundamentally improve Uniswap's relevant mechanisms, lowering transaction costs, and increasing transaction speed, with DeFi applications being the direct major beneficiaries.

11. EIP-6123: Cross-Chain Compatibility Improvement

· Content:  Enhance Ethereum's network's cross-chain compatibility with other blockchains to support more cross-chain operations in the future, promoting interoperability between different blockchains.

· Viewpoint: Enhanced compatibility between Ethereum and other blockchains also optimizes the account abstraction mechanism, making it simpler to transfer assets and perform operations between different blockchains, strengthening custom functionality.

III. Pectra Dual-Layer Upgrade

Image Source: cryptoticker

Pectra adopts a dual-layer upgrade approach by merging the execution layer (Prague) and the consensus layer (Electra) to address potential synchronization issues that may arise from separate upgrades in the past. The execution layer and consensus layer of Ethereum often serve different functions, so historically, these two aspects have usually been upgraded separately.

● Execution Layer (Prague): Responsible for processing user transactions, executing smart contracts, and managing state changes. This is the part where users directly interact with Ethereum, and it is the core layer that runs all decentralized applications (DApps) and smart contracts.

● Consensus Layer (Electra): Manages validators through a Proof of Stake (PoS) mechanism to ensure block generation and chain security. This layer is the foundation for network consensus and security, with validators staking to ensure their behavior aligns with the network's best interest.

It is worth noting:

EIP-6110, EIP-7002, EIP-7251, EIP-7549, EIP-7685, and EIP-7691 require changes to Ethereum's Consensus Layer.

EIP-2537, EIP-2935, EIP-6110, EIP-7002, EIP-7623, EIP-7685, EIP-7702, and EIP-7840 require changes to Ethereum's Execution Layer.

EIP-7623: Cross-Chain Message Mechanism Improvement

Enhances the handling of cross-chain messages to improve the efficiency and security of cross-chain communication. While the Pectra upgrade primarily focuses on improvements to Ethereum's internal Execution Layer and Consensus Layer, EIP-7623 specifically targets interactions with external blockchains, particularly optimizing cross-chain asset and information transfers.

EIP-2537: BLS12-381 Curve Operations

Introduces support for the BLS12-381 curve in Ethereum for encryption and zero-knowledge proofs. EIP-2537 is a proposal to introduce support for a specific cryptographic curve that serves verification and privacy-related functions. In contrast, proposals in the Pectra upgrade are more broadly focused on transactions, Gas fee optimization, and validator mechanisms.

EIP-2935: Validator Set Reversion

Provides a more flexible mechanism for nodes that lose their validator status to reclaim their eligibility. EIP-2935 focuses on a validator recovery mechanism to ensure that validators can continue to participate in consensus under certain conditions, while EIP-7251 and EIP-7021 in the Prague upgrade concentrate more on improving staking limits and penalty mechanisms.

IV. Impact of Pectra on Ethereum and the Cryptocurrency Market

Image Source: voiceofcrypto

DApps

The Pectra hard fork brought smart contract functionality to regular wallets, which can streamline the development process and expand the potential application scope. Features such as social recovery and transaction batching make it easier to create user-friendly DApps, whether in DeFi, GameFi, or other applications. Users can expect a more reliable and efficient DApp experience on the Ethereum network.

However, a major challenge that Ethereum itself faces is the pronounced "parasitic" effect of Layer 2 (L2). L2 chains have attracted a significant amount of DeFi activity, leading to a reduction in transaction fees on the Ethereum mainnet and an increase in ETH's inflation rate. While L2 chains are part of the Ethereum ecosystem, their centralized sequencers and independent economic models have raised questions about the value of the Ethereum mainnet.

Ethereum's Long-Term Value

During this cycle, many Ethereum holders have been dissatisfied with ETH's price performance. Many see the Pectra upgrade as a hope to change the rules of the ETH game, primarily focusing on improving practical staking and L2 scalability. Overall, the Pectra upgrade has brought many changes to Ethereum, making wallet operations more flexible, enabling batch transaction processing or gas fee sponsorship. Validator staking limits have increased, withdrawal and network joining speeds have accelerated, and operations have become more convenient. The network's block capacity has relatively increased, allowing for faster transaction processing, and gas fees are more stable, avoiding sudden spikes in fees during peak times.

The significant increase in staking thresholds has increased overall MEV transparency, raised MEV costs, and made network governance more transparent and efficient. In terms of smart contracts, execution will be more cost-effective, and cross-chain compatibility has also improved. However, the challenge of Ethereum's fragmented scalability issue raises the question of whether the development roadmap should focus on a single-network high throughput approach rather than relying on an aggregation of multiple chains to solve it. These challenges will also become constraints on Ethereum's future development.

Solana's price surge is mainly attributed to high throughput, low transaction costs, and backing from American capital. A single-chain liquidity is cohesive and unified, while Ethereum has solved scalability issues through L2, innovation has become fragmented and duplicated. A single network is superior to the L2 aggregation path. From a market perspective, Ethereum's greatest advantage lies in having the most comprehensive and decentralized DeFi network, with DeFi being Ethereum's greatest value proposition.

The Compromise of Decentralization

The biggest advantage of this upgrade lies in enhancing the overall security and scalability of Ethereum, but the double-edged sword of EIP-7251 will potentially reduce the network's operational load by merging validator counts and alleviating the burden of large storage, deepening Ethereum's centralization, turning Ethereum into the playground of large investors and institutions.

However, whether relying on a massive 2048 ETH stake, cutting off retail participation to attract large capital investment, shifting towards Solana and Sui to embrace U.S. capital, thus driving up the price of ETH, remains to be seen. Current Ethereum seems to be facing a new challenge, with narrative capability, centralized pull-up, and decentralized PoS staking forming the "new impossible triangle."

Where Is the New Narrative Polestar?

Ethereum seems to be losing direction, with fragmented ETH gradually inflating year by year, DeFi activities moving to layer two chains, and fee capture on layer one significantly decreasing. Layer two chains are effectively independent blockchains, with centralized sequencers being seen as entirely different blockchain networks. Base's substantial earnings flow to Coinbase, Arbitrum's profits flow to Arbitrum DAO, and profits flow completely out of Ethereum's layer one.

Bitcoin has a clear polestar of "digital gold," Solana's polestar is "Nasdaq on-chain." Blockchain embraces AI, Solana relies on DeFAI and AI Agent-related narratives to quickly gain prominence, and the SOL/ETH exchange rate has made the biggest "Ethereum killer" Solana's dream come true. Metis's ReGenesis plan will transform into an AI public chain, with intent-centricity also combating DeFAI.

So what is Ethereum's polestar after all? Why does the ETF repeatedly fail?

The root cause lies in the lack of staking rewards and centralized value attribution. The current form of the Ethereum ETF does not allow investors to participate in staking. By holding Ethereum through an ETF, investors miss out on about a 3.5% yield and must pay additional management fees, and they also cannot obtain DeFi income.

Similarly, in terms of value attribution, Ethereum's strong decentralized attribute makes it difficult to attribute to any particular capital force, and "Wall Street capital" has not yet truly "usurped" the victory of decentralization. More are just supporting DApps through stablecoins and DeFi, but the Pectra upgrade will increase the maximum stake balance from 32 ETH to 2048 ETH. It seems to be supporting the introduction of real-world assets into Ethereum by using staking as exposure, developing a more Ethereum-friendly version of RWA. Therefore, in the short term, Ethereum's polestar may be ETF staking, raising Ethereum's price expectations to an equally important level as Bitcoin's strategic reserve landing.

References:
(1)https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-7600
(2)https://ethroadmap.com/?ref=bankless.ghost.io#pectra%20sticky
(3)https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-7742
(4)https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-7702
(5)https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-7685
(6)https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-7251
(7)https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-7002
(8)https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-6110
(9)https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2935
(10)https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2537
(11)https://www.galaxy.com/insights/research/ethereum-all-core-developers-execution-call-187/
This article is contributed content and does not represent the views of BlockBeats.

You may also like

a16z Leads $18M Seed Round for Catena Labs, Crypto Industry Bets on Stablecoin AI Payment

Traditional finance is still stuck in a "human-to-human" model, while Catena aims to achieve "AI-to-AI" interaction.

Never Underestimate the Significance of the US Stablecoin 'Infrastructure Bill'

Original Title: "Never Underestimate the Significance of the US Stablecoin 'Genius Act'"Original Author: 0xTodd, Partner at Nothing Research


If the US stablecoin bill, the "GENIUS Act," passes smoothly this time, its significance will be tremendous. I even think it's significant enough to enter the top five in Crypto history.



Although abbreviated as the GENIUS Act, which translates directly to the Genius Act, it is actually the Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for U.S. Stablecoins, which translates to "Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for US Dollar Stablecoins."


The proposal is lengthy, with several key points summarized for everyone:


· Mandatory 1:1 Full Asset Backing: Assets include cash, demand deposits, and short-term US Treasuries. At the same time, misappropriation and rehypothecation are strictly prohibited.


· High-Frequency Disclosure: Reserve reports must be published at least monthly, introducing external audits.


· Licensing Requirement: Once the circulating market cap of the issuer's stablecoin exceeds $100 billion, it must transition into the federal regulatory system within a specified timeframe, adopting banking-grade regulation.


· Introduction of Custody: The custodian of the stablecoin and its reserve assets must be a regulated qualified financial institution.


· Clear Definition as a Payment Medium: The bill explicitly defines stablecoin as a new type of payment medium, primarily regulated by the banking regulatory system, rather than restricted by the securities or commodities regulatory system.


· Embracing Existing Stablecoins: A maximum 18-month grace period after the bill's enactment, aimed at encouraging existing stablecoin issuers (such as USDT, USDC, etc.) to promptly obtain licenses or become compliant.


After finishing the main content, let's talk about the significance of this matter with an excited heart.


Over the years, when others asked, "After working in the Crypto industry for 16 years, what application have you created?"


In the future, you can confidently tell others—Stablecoins.


First, Clearing Concerns is a Prerequisite


Some people have held opposing views. In the past, people's impression of stablecoins was that they were an opaque black box. Every few months, there would be FUD — whether Tether's assets were frozen or Circle had a significant black hole deficit.


In fact, if you think about it, Tether easily rakes in billions of dollars a year just from the interest on those underlying government bonds. Circle, slightly less, also made a $1.7 billion profit last year.


They basically made money while standing there. From a motivational standpoint, they have no malicious intentions. In fact, they are the most eager for compliance.


Now, this opaque black box will become a transparent white box.


In the past, the only complaint was that Tether's funds might have been frozen by the United States. Now, they will be directly placed into U.S. compliant custodial institutions, with high-frequency disclosures, so you can rest assured.


【No need to worry about a rug pull】 is such a huge advantage—I think especially all Crypto people understand this.


Second, Mastering the Standard is Very Important


Stablecoins were once almost on the verge of being overtaken by CBDCs. In any country, if a central bank digital currency really exists, it is highly likely not built on a blockchain, at most it is built on some internal central bank consortium chain, which to be honest, is meaningless.


When CBDCs were at their peak, that was the most dangerous time for stablecoins.


If CBDCs had become a reality back then, stablecoins today would have been relentlessly suppressed into a dark corner, and blockchain would only be able to play a minimal role.


The remaining half-dead stablecoins would even have to learn the standards of central bank digital currencies, completely relinquishing their standard-setting power.


And now, stablecoins have won (or are about to).


Instead, everyone should learn the 【Blockchain + Token】 standard.


Nowadays, many blockchains actually have no meaningful applications on top, only stablecoin transfers. For example, with Aptos, the only scenario I use Aptos for is transfers between Binance and OKX.


And now, stablecoins will be legislated, what does that mean?


That's right, blockchain will become the only standard.


In the future, every stablecoin user will be the first to learn how to use a wallet.


As an aside, I actually think Ethereum's concerted push for EIP-7702 is quite forward-thinking. While other chains are all about memes, thank you Ethereum for sticking to account abstraction.



EIP-7702 is about Account Abstraction, which can support, for example:


· Social Account Registration Wallet

· Paying GAS with Native Coin

· And more


This paves the way for future new users to heavily use stablecoins, solving the last-mile problem.


Third, Deposit Enters a New Era


Furthermore, once stablecoins receive legislative support, deposits and withdrawals will become even easier.


Let's imagine a scenario: previously, hindered by the gray nature of stablecoins, but after the bill passes, many traditional brokerages can support stablecoins themselves. The money from a US stock investor can be converted into stablecoins in minutes and instantly deposited into Coinbase. Believe it or not.



Let's imagine another scenario: if the brilliant bill smoothly passes through the House of Representatives, next, you will see:


Due to the extremely lucrative nature of this trading, existing stablecoin leaders and newly entering traditional giants will crazily start promoting their stablecoin products.


And an outsider, due to these promotions, will start using stablecoins. And then one day, after finding out that the wallet account has been created, will explore Bitcoin inside. Is mining Bitcoin difficult?


Stablecoins are a huge Trojan horse. The moment you start using stablecoins, you unwittingly step half a foot into the Crypto world.


Fourth, Conclusion


As a large reservoir for digesting US debt, although stablecoins cannot directly absorb debt, they at least provide ammunition for the US debt secondary market. These functions are quite important, and slowly, stablecoins are becoming a part of the US debt market's body. Therefore, once the US legislation is passed and experiences the benefits, there is no turning back.


And, we are also confident that stablecoins are indeed one of the great innovations in our industry. People who have used stablecoins will find it hard to return to the traditional cash-banking system.


Once the bill is passed, users can't go back. In the future, concerns are about to be resolved, standards will be mastered, and the era of large deposits seems to be on the horizon.


Original Article Link

Pharos, deeply integrated with AntChain, is about to launch. How can we get involved?

What is the relationship between the $8 million funded NewChain and Ant, and how will they interact?

$COIN Joins S&P 500, but Coinbase Isn't Celebrating

On May 13, S&P Dow Jones Indices announced that Coinbase would officially replace Discover Financial Services in the S&P 500 on May 19. While other companies like Block and MicroStrategy, closely tied to Bitcoin, were already part of the S&P 500, Coinbase became the first cryptocurrency exchange whose primary business is in the index. This also signifies that cryptocurrency is gradually moving from the fringes to the mainstream in the U.S.



On the day of the announcement, Coinbase's stock price surged by 23%, surpassing the $250 mark. However, just 3 days later, Coinbase was hit by two consecutive events: a hack where employees were bribed to steal customer data and a demand for a $20 million ransom, and an investigation by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) into the authenticity of its claim of having over 100 million "verified users" in its securities filings and marketing materials. These two events acted as mini-bombs, and at the time of writing, Coinbase's stock had already dropped by over 7.3%.


Coincidentally, Discover Financial Services, being replaced by Coinbase, can also be considered the "Coinbase" of the previous payment era. Discover is a U.S.-based digital banking and payment services company headquartered in Illinois, founded in 1960. Its payment network, Discover Network, is the fourth largest payment network apart from Visa, Mastercard, and American Express.


In April, after the approval of the acquisition of Discover by the sixth-largest U.S. bank, Capital One, this well-established digital banking company of over 60 years smoothly handed over its S&P 500 "seat" to this emerging cryptocurrency "bank." This unexpected coincidence also portrayed the handover between the new and old eras in Coinbase's entry into the S&P 500, resembling a relay race scene. However, this relay baton also brought Coinbase's accumulated "external troubles and internal strife" to a tipping point.


Side Effects of ETFs


Over the past decade, cryptocurrency exchanges have been the most stable "profit machines." They play a role in providing liquidity to the entire industry and rely on trading fees to sustain their operations. However, with the comprehensive rollout of ETF products in the U.S. market, this profit model is facing unprecedented challenges. As the leader in the "American stack," with over 80% of its business coming from the U.S., Coinbase is most affected by this.



Starting from the approval of Bitcoin and Ethereum spot ETFs, traditional financial capital has significantly onboarded users and funds that originally belonged to exchanges in a more cost-effective, compliant, and transparent manner. The transaction fee revenue of cryptocurrency exchanges has started to decline, and this trend may further intensify in the coming months.


According to Coinbase's 2024 Q4 financial report, the platform's total trading revenue was $417 million, a 45% year-on-year decrease. The contribution of BTC and ETH's trading revenue dropped from 65% in the same period last year to less than 50%.


This decline is not a result of a decrease in market enthusiasm. In fact, since the approval of the Bitcoin ETF in January 2024, the inflow of BTC into the U.S. market has continued to reach new highs, with asset management giants like BlackRock and Fidelity rapidly expanding their management scale. Data shows that BlackRock's iShares Bitcoin ETF (IBIT) alone has surpassed $17 billion in assets under management. As of mid-May 2025, the cumulative net inflow of 11 major institutional Bitcoin spot ETFs on the market has exceeded $41.5 billion, with a total net asset value of $1214.69 billion, accounting for approximately 5.91% of the total Bitcoin market capitalization.


Chart showing the trend of net outflows for Grayscale among the 11 institutions


Institutional investors and some retail investors are shifting towards ETF products, partly due to compliance and tax considerations. On one hand, ETFs have much lower trading costs compared to cryptocurrency exchanges. While Coinbase's spot trading fee rate varies annually in a tiered manner but averages around 1.49%, for example, the management fee for IBIT ETF is only 0.25%, and the majority of ETF institution fees fluctuate around 0.15% to 0.25%.



In other words, the more rational users are, the more likely they are to move from exchanges to ETF products, especially for investors aiming for long-term holdings.


According to multiple sources, several institutions, including VanEck and Grayscale, have submitted applications to the SEC for a Solana (SOL) ETF, with some institutions also planning to submit an XRP ETF proposal. Once approved, this may trigger a new round of fund migration. According to a report submitted by Coinbase to the SEC, as of April, the platform's trading revenue from XRP and Solana accounted for 18% and 10%, nearly one-third of the platform's fee revenue.



However, the Bitcoin and Ethereum ETFs passed in 2024 also reduced the fees for these two tokens on Coinbase from 30% and 15% to 26% and 10%, respectively. If the SOL and XRP ETFs are approved, it will further undermine the core fee revenue of exchanges like Coinbase.


The expansion of ETF products is gradually weakening the financial intermediary status of cryptocurrency exchanges. From their original roles as matchmakers and clearers to now gradually becoming mere "on-ramps and off-ramps" for funds, exchanges are seeing their marginal value squeezed by ETFs.


Robinhood Takes a Stand, Traditional Brokerages Join the Fray


On May 12, 2025, SEC Chairman Paul S. Atkins gave a keynote speech at the Tokenization and Cryptocurrency Working Group roundtable. The theme of his speech revolved around "It is a new day at the SEC," where he indicated that the SEC would not approach enforcement and regulation the same way as before but would instead pave the way for cryptocurrency assets in the U.S. market.



With signs of cryptocurrency compliance such as the SEC's "NEW DAY" declaration, an increasing number of traditional brokerages are attempting to enter the cryptocurrency industry. One of the most representative cases is the well-known U.S. brokerage Robinhood, which began expanding its crypto business in 2018. By the time of its IPO in 2021, Robinhood's crypto business revenue accounted for over 50% of the company, with a significant boost from the Dogecoin "moonshot" promoted by Musk.


In Q1 2025 earnings report, Robinhood showcased strong growth, especially in revenue from cryptocurrency and options trading. Fueled by Trump's Memecoin, cryptocurrency-related revenue reached $250 million, nearly doubling year-over-year. Consequently, Robinhood Gold subscription users reached 3.5 million, a 90% increase from the previous year, with the rapid growth of Robinhood Gold providing the company with a stable source of income.



Meanwhile, RobinHood is actively pursuing acquisitions in the cryptocurrency space. In 2024, it announced a $2 billion acquisition of the long-standing European cryptocurrency exchange Bitstamp. Additionally, Canada's largest cryptocurrency CEX, WonderFi, which recently went public on the Toronto Stock Exchange, also announced its integration with RobinHood Crypto. After obtaining virtual asset licenses in the UK, Canada, Singapore, and other markets, RobinHood has taken a proactive approach in the compliant cryptocurrency trading market.



Furthermore, an increasing number of brokerage firms are exploring the same path. Futu Securities, Tiger Brokers, and others are also dipping their toes into cryptocurrency trading, with some having applied for or obtained the VA license from the Hong Kong SFC. Although their user bases are currently small, traditional brokerages have a natural advantage in user trust, regulatory licenses, and low fee structures. This could pose a threat to native cryptocurrency platforms in the future.



User Data Breach: Is Coinbase Still Secure?


In April 2025, security researchers discovered that some Coinbase user data was leaked on the dark web. While the platform initially responded by attributing it to a "technical misinformation," it still raised concerns among users regarding its security and privacy protection. Just two days before Dow Jones Indexes announced Coinbase's addition to the S&P 500 Index, on May 11, 2025, Coinbase received an email from an unknown threat actor claiming to have obtained customer account information and internal documents, demanding a $20 million ransom to keep the data private. Subsequent investigations confirmed the data breach.


Cybercriminals obtained the data by bribing overseas customer service agents and support staff, mainly in "non-U.S. regions such as India." These agents abused their access to Coinbase's internal customer support system and stole customer data. As early as February this year, blockchain detective ZachXBT revealed on X platform that between December 2024 and January 2025, Coinbase users lost over $65 million to social engineering scams, with the actual amount potentially higher.


Among the victims was a well-known figure, 67-year-old Ed Suman, an established artist in the art world for nearly two decades, having been involved in the creation of artworks such as Jeff Koons' "Balloon Dog" sculpture. Earlier this year, he fell victim to an impersonation scam involving fake Coinbase customer support, resulting in a loss of over $2 million in cryptocurrency. ZachXBT critiqued Coinbase for its inadequate handling of such scams, noting that other major exchanges have not faced similar issues and recommending Coinbase to enhance its security measures.


Amidst a series of ongoing social engineering incidents, although there has not been any impact on user assets at the technical level so far, it has raised concerns among many retail and institutional investors. Especially institutions holding massive assets on Coinbase. Just considering the U.S. BTC ETF institutions, as of mid-May 2025, they collectively hold nearly 840,000 BTC, and 75% of these are custodied by Coinbase. If we price BTC at $100,000, this amount reaches a staggering $63 billion, which is equivalent to the nominal GDP of two Iceland in the year 2024.


Visualization: ChatGPT, Source: Farside


In addition, Coinbase Custody also serves over 300 institutional clients, including hedge funds, family offices, pension funds, and endowments. As of the Q1 2025 financial report, Coinbase's total assets under management (including institutional and retail clients) reached $404 billion. The specific amount of institutional custodied assets was not explicitly disclosed in the latest report, but it should still be over 50% based on the Q4 2024 report.


Visualization: ChatGPT


Once this security barrier is breached, not only could the rate of user attrition far exceed expectations, but more importantly, institutional trust in it would undermine the foundation of its business. Therefore, after a hacking event, Coinbase's stock price plummeted significantly.


CEXs are All in Self-Rescue Mode


Facing a decline in spot trading fee revenue, Coinbase is also accelerating its transformation, attempting to find growth opportunities in derivatives and emerging assets. Coinbase acquired a stake in the options platform Deribit at the end of 2024 and announced the official launch of perpetual contract products in 2025. This acquisition fills in Coinbase's gap in options trading and its relatively small global market share.



Deribit has a strong presence in non-U.S. markets, especially in Asia and Europe. The acquisition has enabled Coinbase to gain a dominant position in bitcoin and ethereum options trading on Deribit, accounting for approximately 80% of the global options trading volume, with daily trading volume remaining above $2 billion.


Meanwhile, 80-90% of Deribit's customer base consists of institutional investors, with their professionalism and liquidity in the Bitcoin and Ethereum options market highly favored by institutions. Coinbase's compliance advantage, coupled with its already robust institutional ecosystem, makes it even more suitable. By using institutions as an entry point, it can face the squeeze from giants like Binance and OKX in the derivatives market.



Facing a similar dilemma is Kraken, which is attempting to replicate Binance Futures' model in non-U.S. markets. Since the derivatives market relies more on professional users, fee rates are relatively higher and stickiness is stronger, making it a significant source of revenue for exchanges. In the first half of 2025, Kraken completed the acquisition of TradeStation Crypto and a futures exchange, aiming to build a complete derivatives trading ecosystem to hedge the risk of declining spot transaction fee income.


With the surge of Memecoin in 2024, Binance, OKX, and various CEX platforms began massively listing small-market-cap, highly volatile tokens to activate active trading users. Due to the wealth effect and trading activity of Memecoins, Coinbase was also forced to join the battle, successively listing popular tokens from the Solana ecosystem such as BOOK OF MEME and Dogwifhat. Although these coins are controversial, they are frequently traded, with fee rates several times higher than mainstream coins, serving as a "blood-boosting" method for spot trading.


However, due to its status as a publicly traded company, this practice is a riskier endeavor for Coinbase. Even in the current crypto-friendly environment, the SEC is still investigating whether tokens like SOL, ADA, and SAND constitute securities.


In addition to the forced transformation strategies carried out by the aforementioned CEXs, they are also starting to lay out RWAs and the most talked-about stablecoin payment fields, such as the PYUSD launched through a collaboration between Coinbase and Paypal, Coinbase's support for the Euro stablecoin EURC by Circle that complies with EU MiCA regulatory requirements, or the USD1 launched through a collaboration between Binance and WIFL. In the increasingly crowded trading field, many CEXs have shifted their focus from just the trading market to the application field.


The golden age of transaction fees has quietly ended, and the second half of the crypto exchange platform game has silently begun.


Arthur Hayes: Why I'm Betting on ETH While the Market Is Obsessed with SOL

"I personally have also allocated 20% to gold, expecting the price of gold to potentially rise to $10,000-20,000 by the end of this market cycle."

CryptoPunks Changes Hands Twice, Did the Originator of NFTs Finally Find Its "Forever Home" This Time?

The original NFT pioneer CryptoPunks has once again officially changed ownership after being sold to the Bored Ape Yacht Club (BAYC) developer Yuga Labs.

Popular coins

Latest Crypto News

Read more