Black Friday Massacre on Wall Street, Crypto Market Weekend Plunge, Why Was Q1 2025 So Brutal

By: blockbeats|2025/03/31 07:15:03
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原文标题:《黑色星期五血洗华尔街,加密市场周末崩盘,2025 年 Q1 为何如此惨烈》
原文作者:Luke,火星财经

2025 年 3 月末,全球金融市场经历了一场剧烈的动荡。美国股市在 3 月 28 日遭遇「黑色星期五」,标普 500 指数下跌 1.97%,纳斯达克指数暴跌 2.7%,道琼斯工业指数下跌 715 点,跌幅 1.69%。这场跌势迅速波及加密货币市场,比特币(BTC)从 3 月 29 日下午的 84,000 美元下跌至 3 月 31 日早间的 81,565 美元,以太坊(ETH)跌至近期的 1,767 美元新低,Solana(SOL)则在 3 月 30 日 18 时触及 122.68 美元低点。

Black Friday Massacre on Wall Street, Crypto Market Weekend Plunge, Why Was Q1 2025 So Brutal

据 Coinglass 数据,过去 48 小时内,约 7 万名加密货币投资者爆仓,损失约 2 亿美元。这一跨市场的连锁反应不仅引发了广泛的恐慌情绪,也暴露了当前经济环境的脆弱性。本文将结合多家权威机构的观点,深入分析此次暴跌的原因,并探讨本周投资者应关注的关键事件及其潜在影响。

暴跌始末:从黑色星期五到加密周末的连锁效应

关键节点与数据

美股的暴跌始于 3 月 28 日「黑色星期五」。据 Investopedia 报道,当日标普 500 指数下跌 112.37 点至 5,580.94 点,纳斯达克指数下跌 481.04 点至 17,322.99 点,道琼斯工业指数下跌 715.80 点至 41,583.90 点。科技股领跌,七大科技巨头(包括苹果、微软、亚马逊等)市值蒸发约 5,050 亿美元,费城半导体指数跌幅达 2.95%。这是自 3 月 10 日美股崩盘以来最大的单日跌幅,标志着 2025 年第一季度末的剧烈调整。

加密货币市场紧随其后承压。比特币从 3 月 29 日下午 84,000 美元下跌 8 小时至 81,644 美元,跌幅超 3%,随后在 3 月 30 日 18 时反弹至 83,536 美元,但未能守住涨势,至 3 月 31 日 6 时跌至 81,565 美元。以太坊跌至 1,767 美元,Solana 跌至 122.68 美元。据 The Block 数据,加密货币总市值从峰值 3.9 万亿美元回落至 2.9 万亿美元,跌幅 25%,交易量从 11 月 5 日大选后的 1,260 亿美元降至 350 亿美元,萎缩约 70%。

市场情绪与资金流动

美股与加密市场的同步下挫反映了投资者对风险资产的避险情绪升温。Galaxy Research 指出,比特币与科技股联动明显,此次下跌中,加密相关股票如 MicroStrategy(MSTR)周五暴跌 10%,Coinbase Global(COIN)下跌超 6%,显示恐慌情绪迅速蔓延。InvestingHaven 分析师 Taki Tsaklanos 认为,比特币的短期支撑位在 77,000 美元,若失守可能引发更大规模清算。

暴跌诱因:多重因素交织冲击市场

宏观经济压力,通胀超预期与消费者信心下滑

美国商务部 3 月 28 日公布的 2 月核心 PCE 物价指数显示,月增 0.4%,年增 2.8%,均高于市场预期的 0.3% 和 2.6%。高盛在 3 月 31 日研报中指出,这一数据表明通胀压力顽强,可能推高核心 PCE 至 3.5%,并将 2025 年 GDP 增长预期从 1.5% 下调至 1.0%,经济衰退概率从 20% 升至 35%。密歇根大学消费者信心指数跌至 57,为 2022 年以来最低,消费者对未来一年的通胀预期升至 5%,五年期预期达 4.1%,均为数十年高点。

美联储票委的表态加剧了市场担忧。波士顿联储主席 Collins 表示,「更久维持高利率是合适的」,里士满联储主席则警告关税可能带来「更持久的通胀冲击」。高盛分析师认为,通胀超预期削弱了降息预期,资本流向避险资产,成为市场下跌的重要驱动。

政策不确定性,特朗普关税措施引发的恐慌

特朗普政府计划于 4 月 2 日公布的「对等关税」政策是此次暴跌的核心催化剂。高盛预计,关税将对所有贸易伙伴平均征收 15%,较此前预期上调 5 个百分点,可能推高进口成本并引发全球报复性行动。Evercore ISI 资深策略师 Matthew Aks 警告,「若其他国家采取报复行动,可能引发关税升级风险,进一步削弱市场信心。」State Street Global Advisors 首席投资策略师 Michael Arone 指出,「不确定性持续困扰市场,下周可能成为波动的高峰。」

Investopedia 援引专家观点称,关税政策不仅推升通胀预期,还可能削弱企业盈利能力和消费能力,尤其对科技和汽车行业影响显著。Freedom Capital Markets 首席全球策略师 Jay Woods 表示,「重大事件临近时,投资者倾向于规避风险,导致周末抛售加剧。」X 平台用户 @White7688 也提到,「BTC 因 ETF 外部资金影响,更像科技股而非避险资产。」

资金流动与市场联动

美股「黑色星期五」触发了风险资产的连锁反应。Nasdaq 的数据显示,纳斯达克指数与比特币的相关性在 2025 年初达到 0.67,其 2.7% 的跌幅迅速传导至加密市场。彭博大宗商品策略师 Mike McGlone 分析,「若标普 500 持续疲软,以太坊可能跌至 1,000 美元,比特币或下探 7.2 万美元。」金价创下新高,美国 10 年期国债收益率从周四的 4.369% 降至周五的 4.254%,显示资金加速流向避险资产。加密相关股票如 MicroStrategy 一度下跌 11%,MARA Holdings 下跌 11%。

The Block 指出,季末资金再平衡叠加下周「超级风险周」(4 月 2 日关税公布和 4 月 5 日非农数据),促使投资者提前调仓避险,资金从风险资产撤离转向黄金和美债。Galaxy Research 分析师 Alex Thorn 认为,「交易量萎缩可能预示未来更大波动,流动性减少将放大价格影响。」

市场内在风险:杠杆与交易量萎缩

InvestingHaven 预测,若比特币跌破 77,000 美元,可能触发约 3 亿美元的多头清算,进一步加剧跌幅。The Block 分析,交易量从峰值 1,260 亿美元降至 350 亿美元,表明市场参与者或在等待监管明朗,短期内缺乏买盘支撑。

本周投资者应关注的事件

随着市场进入 4 月初,投资者需密切关注以下关键事件,这些事件可能进一步影响美股和加密市场的走势:

· 4 月 2 日(周二):特朗普「对等关税」政策公布事件概述:特朗普政府计划公布对所有贸易伙伴征收平均 15% 的关税政策。高盛预计,此举将推高进口成本并可能引发全球报复性关税。若关税措施如预期严厉,美股可能下跌 3%-5%,比特币或跌破 80,000 美元支撑位;若政策力度低于预期(如排除半导体和汽车行业),市场可能迎来短暂反弹,比特币有望回升至 85,000 美元。Evercore ISI 的 Matthew Aks 指出,「市场反应将取决于关税的时机和目标产业。」

· 4 月 3 日(周三):欧洲央行 3 月货币政策会议纪要发布事件概述:欧洲央行将公布其 3 月会议纪要,可能透露对欧元区经济和通胀的最新评估,以及是否加快降息步伐。若纪要显示鸽派倾向(如进一步降息),可能提振全球风险资产,加密市场或跟随美股反弹;若维持谨慎立场,则可能加剧避险情绪,压制比特币和以太坊价格。State Street 的 Michael Arone 认为,「欧洲央行的政策方向将影响全球流动性预期。」

· 4 月 4 日(周四):美联储主席鲍威尔讲话事件概述:鲍威尔将就美国经济和货币政策发表讲话,可能回应通胀数据和关税影响。若鲍威尔释放降息信号(如回应经济放缓),美股和加密市场可能上涨 2%-3%,比特币或突破 83,000 美元;若强调维持高利率,则可能加剧抛售压力。彭博分析师 Mike McGlone 警告,「鲍威尔的语气将直接影响风险资产的短期走势。」

· 4 月 5 日(周五):美国非农就业报告发布事件概述:3 月非农就业数据将揭示美国劳动力市场的健康状况,市场预期新增就业低于 20 万,失业率可能升至 4.2%。若数据疲软(新增就业低于 15 万),将强化降息预期,利好美股和加密市场,比特币可能反弹至 86,000 美元;若数据超预期强劲,则可能推高美债收益率,打压风险资产。高盛预计,「非农数据将成为本周市场波动的高潮。」

· 4 月 5 日(周五):微软 50 周年庆及 Copilot 更新事件概述:微软将庆祝成立 50 周年,并可能公布 AI 助手 Copilot 的重大更新。若更新超出预期,可能提振科技股信心,纳斯达克指数或上涨 1%-2%,间接带动加密市场情绪;若更新平淡,则影响有限。InvestingHaven 的 Taki Tsaklanos 认为,「科技股的表现将为加密市场提供风向标。」

机构观点与市场展望

高盛:经济衰退风险上升

高盛在 3 月 31 日研报中大幅上调 2025 年关税预期,预计平均关税税率上升 15 个百分点,核心 PCE 通胀升至 3.5%,GDP 增长放缓至 1.0%,失业率年底攀升至 4.5%。该行将 12 个月内经济衰退概率提高至 35%,并预计美联储下半年将降息三次以应对增长压力。高盛分析师指出,「消费者和企业情绪疲软,经济进入脆弱阶段,政策风险的影响比近年更大。」

Galaxy Research:加密市场仍有潜力

Galaxy Research 预测,比特币 2025 年可能达到 185,000 美元,以太坊超过 5,500 美元,但前提是监管环境改善和机构采用加深。分析师 Alex Thorn 认为,「短期波动不可避免,但长期看,比特币将超越标普 500 和黄金。」该机构还预计,美国比特币 ETF 资产管理规模将在 2025 年底突破 2,500 亿美元。

InvestingHaven:技术面支撑与风险并存

InvestingHaven 分析师 Taki Tsaklanos 表示,比特币的长期看涨格局未变,77,000 美元是关键支撑位,若守住可能在 5 月迎来反弹。但若跌破,可能测试 70,000 美元。分析师警告,「市场需尊重 50% 斐波那契回撤位,否则看涨预期将失效。」

彭博与 Evercore ISI:短期波动加剧

彭博策略师 Mike McGlone 认为,「比特币与纳斯达克 100 的高相关性使其更像高贝塔资产,短期内可能跟随美股进一步下行。」Evercore ISI 的 Matthew Aks 则指出,「4 月 2 日的关税声明是重要里程碑,但不确定性不会一次性消除,市场需警惕报复性关税的连锁反应。」

总结与未来趋势

此次「黑色星期五」与加密货币周末暴跌是宏观经济压力、政策不确定性、资金流动与市场内在风险共同作用的结果。短期内,4 月 2 日的关税政策公布将成为关键转折点,若措施严厉且引发全球贸易摩擦,比特币可能跌破 80,000 美元,美股或进一步下探。然而,高盛预计的降息和 Galaxy Research 提到的机构采用可能为市场注入反弹动力。

原文链接

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$COIN Joins S&P 500, but Coinbase Isn't Celebrating

On May 13, S&P Dow Jones Indices announced that Coinbase would officially replace Discover Financial Services in the S&P 500 on May 19. While other companies like Block and MicroStrategy, closely tied to Bitcoin, were already part of the S&P 500, Coinbase became the first cryptocurrency exchange whose primary business is in the index. This also signifies that cryptocurrency is gradually moving from the fringes to the mainstream in the U.S.



On the day of the announcement, Coinbase's stock price surged by 23%, surpassing the $250 mark. However, just 3 days later, Coinbase was hit by two consecutive events: a hack where employees were bribed to steal customer data and a demand for a $20 million ransom, and an investigation by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) into the authenticity of its claim of having over 100 million "verified users" in its securities filings and marketing materials. These two events acted as mini-bombs, and at the time of writing, Coinbase's stock had already dropped by over 7.3%.


Coincidentally, Discover Financial Services, being replaced by Coinbase, can also be considered the "Coinbase" of the previous payment era. Discover is a U.S.-based digital banking and payment services company headquartered in Illinois, founded in 1960. Its payment network, Discover Network, is the fourth largest payment network apart from Visa, Mastercard, and American Express.


In April, after the approval of the acquisition of Discover by the sixth-largest U.S. bank, Capital One, this well-established digital banking company of over 60 years smoothly handed over its S&P 500 "seat" to this emerging cryptocurrency "bank." This unexpected coincidence also portrayed the handover between the new and old eras in Coinbase's entry into the S&P 500, resembling a relay race scene. However, this relay baton also brought Coinbase's accumulated "external troubles and internal strife" to a tipping point.


Side Effects of ETFs


Over the past decade, cryptocurrency exchanges have been the most stable "profit machines." They play a role in providing liquidity to the entire industry and rely on trading fees to sustain their operations. However, with the comprehensive rollout of ETF products in the U.S. market, this profit model is facing unprecedented challenges. As the leader in the "American stack," with over 80% of its business coming from the U.S., Coinbase is most affected by this.



Starting from the approval of Bitcoin and Ethereum spot ETFs, traditional financial capital has significantly onboarded users and funds that originally belonged to exchanges in a more cost-effective, compliant, and transparent manner. The transaction fee revenue of cryptocurrency exchanges has started to decline, and this trend may further intensify in the coming months.


According to Coinbase's 2024 Q4 financial report, the platform's total trading revenue was $417 million, a 45% year-on-year decrease. The contribution of BTC and ETH's trading revenue dropped from 65% in the same period last year to less than 50%.


This decline is not a result of a decrease in market enthusiasm. In fact, since the approval of the Bitcoin ETF in January 2024, the inflow of BTC into the U.S. market has continued to reach new highs, with asset management giants like BlackRock and Fidelity rapidly expanding their management scale. Data shows that BlackRock's iShares Bitcoin ETF (IBIT) alone has surpassed $17 billion in assets under management. As of mid-May 2025, the cumulative net inflow of 11 major institutional Bitcoin spot ETFs on the market has exceeded $41.5 billion, with a total net asset value of $1214.69 billion, accounting for approximately 5.91% of the total Bitcoin market capitalization.


Chart showing the trend of net outflows for Grayscale among the 11 institutions


Institutional investors and some retail investors are shifting towards ETF products, partly due to compliance and tax considerations. On one hand, ETFs have much lower trading costs compared to cryptocurrency exchanges. While Coinbase's spot trading fee rate varies annually in a tiered manner but averages around 1.49%, for example, the management fee for IBIT ETF is only 0.25%, and the majority of ETF institution fees fluctuate around 0.15% to 0.25%.



In other words, the more rational users are, the more likely they are to move from exchanges to ETF products, especially for investors aiming for long-term holdings.


According to multiple sources, several institutions, including VanEck and Grayscale, have submitted applications to the SEC for a Solana (SOL) ETF, with some institutions also planning to submit an XRP ETF proposal. Once approved, this may trigger a new round of fund migration. According to a report submitted by Coinbase to the SEC, as of April, the platform's trading revenue from XRP and Solana accounted for 18% and 10%, nearly one-third of the platform's fee revenue.



However, the Bitcoin and Ethereum ETFs passed in 2024 also reduced the fees for these two tokens on Coinbase from 30% and 15% to 26% and 10%, respectively. If the SOL and XRP ETFs are approved, it will further undermine the core fee revenue of exchanges like Coinbase.


The expansion of ETF products is gradually weakening the financial intermediary status of cryptocurrency exchanges. From their original roles as matchmakers and clearers to now gradually becoming mere "on-ramps and off-ramps" for funds, exchanges are seeing their marginal value squeezed by ETFs.


Robinhood Takes a Stand, Traditional Brokerages Join the Fray


On May 12, 2025, SEC Chairman Paul S. Atkins gave a keynote speech at the Tokenization and Cryptocurrency Working Group roundtable. The theme of his speech revolved around "It is a new day at the SEC," where he indicated that the SEC would not approach enforcement and regulation the same way as before but would instead pave the way for cryptocurrency assets in the U.S. market.



With signs of cryptocurrency compliance such as the SEC's "NEW DAY" declaration, an increasing number of traditional brokerages are attempting to enter the cryptocurrency industry. One of the most representative cases is the well-known U.S. brokerage Robinhood, which began expanding its crypto business in 2018. By the time of its IPO in 2021, Robinhood's crypto business revenue accounted for over 50% of the company, with a significant boost from the Dogecoin "moonshot" promoted by Musk.


In Q1 2025 earnings report, Robinhood showcased strong growth, especially in revenue from cryptocurrency and options trading. Fueled by Trump's Memecoin, cryptocurrency-related revenue reached $250 million, nearly doubling year-over-year. Consequently, Robinhood Gold subscription users reached 3.5 million, a 90% increase from the previous year, with the rapid growth of Robinhood Gold providing the company with a stable source of income.



Meanwhile, RobinHood is actively pursuing acquisitions in the cryptocurrency space. In 2024, it announced a $2 billion acquisition of the long-standing European cryptocurrency exchange Bitstamp. Additionally, Canada's largest cryptocurrency CEX, WonderFi, which recently went public on the Toronto Stock Exchange, also announced its integration with RobinHood Crypto. After obtaining virtual asset licenses in the UK, Canada, Singapore, and other markets, RobinHood has taken a proactive approach in the compliant cryptocurrency trading market.



Furthermore, an increasing number of brokerage firms are exploring the same path. Futu Securities, Tiger Brokers, and others are also dipping their toes into cryptocurrency trading, with some having applied for or obtained the VA license from the Hong Kong SFC. Although their user bases are currently small, traditional brokerages have a natural advantage in user trust, regulatory licenses, and low fee structures. This could pose a threat to native cryptocurrency platforms in the future.



User Data Breach: Is Coinbase Still Secure?


In April 2025, security researchers discovered that some Coinbase user data was leaked on the dark web. While the platform initially responded by attributing it to a "technical misinformation," it still raised concerns among users regarding its security and privacy protection. Just two days before Dow Jones Indexes announced Coinbase's addition to the S&P 500 Index, on May 11, 2025, Coinbase received an email from an unknown threat actor claiming to have obtained customer account information and internal documents, demanding a $20 million ransom to keep the data private. Subsequent investigations confirmed the data breach.


Cybercriminals obtained the data by bribing overseas customer service agents and support staff, mainly in "non-U.S. regions such as India." These agents abused their access to Coinbase's internal customer support system and stole customer data. As early as February this year, blockchain detective ZachXBT revealed on X platform that between December 2024 and January 2025, Coinbase users lost over $65 million to social engineering scams, with the actual amount potentially higher.


Among the victims was a well-known figure, 67-year-old Ed Suman, an established artist in the art world for nearly two decades, having been involved in the creation of artworks such as Jeff Koons' "Balloon Dog" sculpture. Earlier this year, he fell victim to an impersonation scam involving fake Coinbase customer support, resulting in a loss of over $2 million in cryptocurrency. ZachXBT critiqued Coinbase for its inadequate handling of such scams, noting that other major exchanges have not faced similar issues and recommending Coinbase to enhance its security measures.


Amidst a series of ongoing social engineering incidents, although there has not been any impact on user assets at the technical level so far, it has raised concerns among many retail and institutional investors. Especially institutions holding massive assets on Coinbase. Just considering the U.S. BTC ETF institutions, as of mid-May 2025, they collectively hold nearly 840,000 BTC, and 75% of these are custodied by Coinbase. If we price BTC at $100,000, this amount reaches a staggering $63 billion, which is equivalent to the nominal GDP of two Iceland in the year 2024.


Visualization: ChatGPT, Source: Farside


In addition, Coinbase Custody also serves over 300 institutional clients, including hedge funds, family offices, pension funds, and endowments. As of the Q1 2025 financial report, Coinbase's total assets under management (including institutional and retail clients) reached $404 billion. The specific amount of institutional custodied assets was not explicitly disclosed in the latest report, but it should still be over 50% based on the Q4 2024 report.


Visualization: ChatGPT


Once this security barrier is breached, not only could the rate of user attrition far exceed expectations, but more importantly, institutional trust in it would undermine the foundation of its business. Therefore, after a hacking event, Coinbase's stock price plummeted significantly.


CEXs are All in Self-Rescue Mode


Facing a decline in spot trading fee revenue, Coinbase is also accelerating its transformation, attempting to find growth opportunities in derivatives and emerging assets. Coinbase acquired a stake in the options platform Deribit at the end of 2024 and announced the official launch of perpetual contract products in 2025. This acquisition fills in Coinbase's gap in options trading and its relatively small global market share.



Deribit has a strong presence in non-U.S. markets, especially in Asia and Europe. The acquisition has enabled Coinbase to gain a dominant position in bitcoin and ethereum options trading on Deribit, accounting for approximately 80% of the global options trading volume, with daily trading volume remaining above $2 billion.


Meanwhile, 80-90% of Deribit's customer base consists of institutional investors, with their professionalism and liquidity in the Bitcoin and Ethereum options market highly favored by institutions. Coinbase's compliance advantage, coupled with its already robust institutional ecosystem, makes it even more suitable. By using institutions as an entry point, it can face the squeeze from giants like Binance and OKX in the derivatives market.



Facing a similar dilemma is Kraken, which is attempting to replicate Binance Futures' model in non-U.S. markets. Since the derivatives market relies more on professional users, fee rates are relatively higher and stickiness is stronger, making it a significant source of revenue for exchanges. In the first half of 2025, Kraken completed the acquisition of TradeStation Crypto and a futures exchange, aiming to build a complete derivatives trading ecosystem to hedge the risk of declining spot transaction fee income.


With the surge of Memecoin in 2024, Binance, OKX, and various CEX platforms began massively listing small-market-cap, highly volatile tokens to activate active trading users. Due to the wealth effect and trading activity of Memecoins, Coinbase was also forced to join the battle, successively listing popular tokens from the Solana ecosystem such as BOOK OF MEME and Dogwifhat. Although these coins are controversial, they are frequently traded, with fee rates several times higher than mainstream coins, serving as a "blood-boosting" method for spot trading.


However, due to its status as a publicly traded company, this practice is a riskier endeavor for Coinbase. Even in the current crypto-friendly environment, the SEC is still investigating whether tokens like SOL, ADA, and SAND constitute securities.


In addition to the forced transformation strategies carried out by the aforementioned CEXs, they are also starting to lay out RWAs and the most talked-about stablecoin payment fields, such as the PYUSD launched through a collaboration between Coinbase and Paypal, Coinbase's support for the Euro stablecoin EURC by Circle that complies with EU MiCA regulatory requirements, or the USD1 launched through a collaboration between Binance and WIFL. In the increasingly crowded trading field, many CEXs have shifted their focus from just the trading market to the application field.


The golden age of transaction fees has quietly ended, and the second half of the crypto exchange platform game has silently begun.


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