EF Foundation's Self-Salvation: Wang Xiaowei "Steps Up," Technical Bureaucrats on the Rise

By: blockbeats|2025/03/14 03:15:02
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Original Article Title: "Who Will Save Ethereum from the 'Midlife Crisis'? Can Hsiao-Wei Wang Help?"
Original Article Author: Ethan, Odaily Planet Daily

On March 10, 2025, the Ethereum Foundation (EF) announced that Hsiao-Wei Wang had been promoted to the board of directors, becoming the first ethnic Chinese leader to be promoted from a technical background to the board of directors in the seven-year history of the EF. This appointment is seen as a key signal of the EF's response to the ecosystem crisis and the restructuring of its governance system—in the context of Ethereum facing challenges such as the Solana ecosystem impact, Layer 2 ecosystem fragmentation, and community trust deficit, a rise of technical bureaucrats may herald a silent revolution.

Who is Hsiao-Wei Wang? The 'Boundary Breaker' from Code to Power

Hsiao-Wei Wang (@hwwonx), known in Chinese as Wang Xiaowei (hereinafter referred to as Hsiao-Wei Wang): one of the newly appointed executive directors, early core researcher, and community and technical connector.

Technical Authority: The Driving Force behind Sharding and The Merge

Hsiao-Wei Wang's career began with a deep connection to code and protocol. In 2017, she joined EF as a core researcher and, with a technical background in Network Engineering from National Chiao Tung University in Taiwan, she led the design of the Ethereum Beacon Chain architecture and the smooth implementation of "The Merge" in 2022. Her proposed sharding scalability solution was praised by Vitalik as the "crystallization of Asian wisdom," and her authored EIP-4844 proposal even reduced Layer 2 gas fees by 90%, directly driving the Base chain's daily active users to exceed 2 million.

Community Bridge: Pioneer of the Asia-Pacific Ecosystem

The 2018 Taipei Sharding Workshop was Hsiao-Wei Wang's "breakthrough battle"—this event brought global core developers to Asia for the first time, breaking the Western tech circle's bias against the capabilities of Asia-Pacific developers. Celer Network founder Mo Dong commented, "She made the EF hear the voice of Eastern developers." Subsequently, she traveled to South Korea, Vietnam, and other places to establish a fast lane for developer funding, increasing the percentage of Asian teams receiving EF Grants from 5% (2017) to 22% (2024), successfully transforming the dual identity of 'technical geek' and 'community operator' into a capital of power.

The New Paradigm of Power: The Rise Logic of Technocracy

Wang Hsiao-Wei's career path (Core Researcher→APAC Community Lead→Co-Executive Director) reflects a shift in the EF governance logic: from "Vitalik's Monopoly Authority" to "Dual-Track of Technology + Infrastructure". She forms a complementary duo with Nethermind founder Tomasz Stanczak—while she delves deep into sharding scalability and the APAC ecosystem, he leads client development and MEV mechanism optimization. This "Eastern Tech Geek + Western Infrastructure Architect" power structure is precisely the EF's proactive response to ecosystem fragmentation.

EF Foundation's Self-Salvation: Wang Xiaowei

Sharding workshop in Taipei, image from Wang Hsiao-Wei's X platform sharing

The founder of Celer Network, Dr. Dong, highly praises Hsiao-Wei Wang. He mentioned that between 2018 and 2019, Wang jointly led the Ethereum Foundation's Grant Program with Ken, who is now in charge of the Uniswap Foundation. She not only actively promoted project implementation but also had a deep understanding of the Asian developer community, advocating for more voice for many Chinese and Asian builders and facilitating many effective collaborations with a pragmatic attitude.

Today, as the Executive Director of the Ethereum Foundation, Hsiao-Wei Wang has a dual mission of R&D insight and community building. Her joining is seen as an important signal of Ethereum returning to its technical roots and grassroots spirit.

The Ethereum Dilemma and Hsiao-Wei Wang's "Technical Scalpel"

The Triple Crisis of Ethereum

· Technical Debt and Ecosystem Fragmentation: Ethereum's mainnet TPS has long hovered around 90 transactions per second, while Solana, with its high throughput and MEME wealth effect, has attracted users. The brutal growth of Layer 2 has exacerbated ecosystem division: L2 solutions such as Base route 90% of revenue to Coinbase, leaving less than 1% to support the mainnet, and even instances of teams like Optimism openly clashing with the EF over the "Blob Data Rent Protocol." Wang Hsiao-Wei's advocated "Sharding+ZK-Rollup" solution needs to achieve a million TPS by 2026; otherwise, the community may question it as a "paper blueprint."

· Governance Trust Deficit: In 2024, the Ethereum Foundation (EF) sold 4,466 ETH, causing a 30% market value plunge and leading the community to accuse it of "dumping ETH." Although Vitalik explained that the sale was for employee compensation and ecosystem donations, after analyzing the budget report, Aave founder Stani Kulechov pointed out that the EF's annual burn rate reached $130 million, requiring a reduction to $30 million and a downsizing of the team. More critically, core developer Eric Conner announced his departure citing "EF resistance to change," while Lido founder Konstantin Lomashuk hinted at establishing a "Second Foundation," directly challenging the EF's monopoly on power.

· Value Narrative Weakness: The era of DeFi and NFT dual-wheel drive came to an end, with Ethereum's "world computer" narrative being overtaken by Solana's "casino economics." Trump's issuance of TRUMP coin on Solana triggered a FOMO frenzy, with its on-chain USDC supply growing 600% in six months, while high gas fees on the Ethereum mainnet forced meme coin developers to collectively migrate. Wang Xiaowei's EIP-4844 proposal, which reduced Layer 2 fees by 90%, did not translate the prosperity of a Base chain with 2 million daily active users into ETH value capture.

Coinbase 2024 Q4 Revenue Allocation, image source: X

The Breakthrough Experiment of Technocratic Bureaucracy

· Power Coding at the Protocol Layer: Wang Xiaowei is transforming technical ideals into governance rules. Through the Cancun upgrade, a "social consensus layer" was introduced to dynamically link the EF's ETH sale quota with the mainnet staking rate to alleviate market panic. By mandating L2 to pay royalties to the mainnet based on Blob data volume (similar to fees on Web2 platforms), despite facing opposition from Optimism, this move could reshape Ethereum's value distribution mechanism.

· Game Theory Model of Dynamic Sell-Off Mechanism

Wang Xiaowei's designed rule of "EF's ETH sale quota being linked to the mainnet staking rate" is not a simple administrative directive but is based on an algorithmic constraint rooted in Nash equilibrium:

· When the mainnet staking rate is ≥ 25%, the EF's monthly sell-off limit is 300 ETH;

· If the staking rate falls below 20%, the selling quota is automatically reset to zero.

This mechanism forces the EF to form a community of interest with stakers—when the staking rate fell to 18% in August 2024, the EF's pause of selling action caused a 12% single-day rebound in ETH price, validating the market's positive feedback on rule transparency.

The Economic Rationality of L2 Fee Sharing Mechanism

Forced Layer 2 to pay a 5% income based on Blob data volume (3% injected into the mainnet staking pool, 2% allocated to core developers), essentially addressing the "tragedy of the commons":

· The base chain generates approximately 2000 Blobs per day (worth $20,000), under this rule, it needs to pay $7.3 million annually to the mainnet, equivalent to Coinbase taking a 15% profit cut;

· Compared to competitor chains like Polygon charging 10%-20% fees to node validators, Ethereum's share is relatively mild. This move could increase the mainnet's annual revenue by at least $50 million, easing EF's financial pressure.

· Fusion of Eastern and Western Governance Philosophy: Its leading "Technology Teahouse" mechanism invites Vitalik to dialogue with grassroots developers monthly, weakening the authoritarian worship of "V-godism"; meanwhile, it tacitly approves Chinese teams to test a shard variant on a compliant chain in Hong Kong, as a reserve technical upgrade option for the future.

· Agenda Setting of the Technology Teahouse

The monthly developer dialogues are not just "empty talks," but adopt an improved version of the Robert's Rules of Order:

· The priority of topics is determined by the number of GitHub issue likes (to avoid EF's internal manipulation);

· Each proposal must be accompanied by feasibility assessment reports from at least 3 Layer 2 teams. The "EIP-7624 Proposal" approved at the November 2024 meeting (optimizing cross-chain gas fee prediction model) was precisely put forward by the Metis team at the teahouse meeting and passed unanimously.

· The Technical Strategy of Hong Kong Shard Experiment

Allowing Chinese teams to test "dynamic sharding" technology on a compliant chain (automatically adjusting the number of shards based on transaction load), it serves as a "technical sandbox" to address geopolitical risks.

· Hong Kong Cyberport Chain has achieved a single-shard throughput of 5000 TPS and boasts 95% compatibility with Ethereum mainnet's ZK-Rollup;

· This trial has reserved a switchable "China Option" for the 2026 mainnet upgrade — if U.S. regulations escalate, Hong Kong Chain's technical modules can be quickly transplanted to the mainnet.

· Compliance Game of DeFi Staking: Establish a 5-of-3 Multisig Wallet, deposit $1.5 billion worth of ETH into protocols like Aave for interest generation, attempting to reverse the Ethereum Foundation's "only sell, not earn" image, and testing the compliance flexibility of decentralized finance on the edge of SEC regulations.

The balancing mechanism of the Multisig Wallet $1.5 billion worth of ETH is injected into a 5-of-3 multisig wallet composed of Chainlink, Aave, EF, Gnosis, and Lido, with each step of operation leaving an on-chain trace:

· Distribution formula for returns is written into the smart contract (60% for developer grants, 30% for ETH buyback and burn, 10% as a risk reserve);

· Even if facing an SEC investigation, this structure can argue through "protocol autonomy" (as established by the 2024 Uniswap lawsuit precedent). After running for half a year, the fund's annualized return reached 8.2% (around $12.3 million), far exceeding the cash flow return from EF's ETH sell-off.

Unfinished Battle and Hidden Perils

· Collision of Technical Idealism and Reality: Under the threat of Solana's single-chain million TPS, Wang Xiaowei's "Sharding + ZK-Rollup" solution needs to be implemented before 2026, or else it will be questioned as a "paper blueprint";

· Community Split Risk: Lido founder Konstantin Lomashuk hints at establishing a "Second Foundation," with radical reforms potentially angering "V God fundamentalists";

· Compliance Minefield: The privacy cross-chain bridge co-developed by EF and Coinbase may violate the U.S. "Hybrid Asset Act," and Wang Xiaowei still needs to prove "protocol neutrality" in a congressional hearing to avoid following in Ripple's footsteps.

· Cultural Conflict: Western developers criticize its "Asian Efficiency First" strategy for causing a 30% increase in testnet bug rates, necessitating a recalibration between code rigor and iteration speed.

Western developers' criticism of the "30% Increase in Test Network Vulnerability Rate" is actually the inevitable result of the trade-off between iteration speed and security:

· The EF Asia Pacific team adopts a Toyota-style "kanban management" system, reducing the upgrade cycle from 6 months to 3 months. However, according to research from the Linux Foundation, a 50% reduction in code review time can lead to a 25%-40% increase in vulnerability rates;

· Wang Xiaowei introduced Formal Verification tools (such as Certora) for automated auditing, reducing the number of Critical Bugs by 60%. However, this came at a cost of a $2 million/year increase in development expenses.

Conclusion: A Silent "Technological Breakthrough"

Wang Xiaowei's entry also indirectly confirms Ethereum's transformation from a "young genius" to a "middle-aged technologist" – no longer relying solely on Vitalik's bursts of inspiration, but on systematic engineering thinking and incremental reform. This "Chinese technical bureaucrat"'s involvement in the transformation may herald Ethereum's inevitable "midlife crisis" battle. It is also the intersection of code politics with Confucian and Daoist wisdom, injecting Eastern governance philosophy into a new chapter of decentralized systems.

Original Article Link

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a16z Leads $18M Seed Round for Catena Labs, Crypto Industry Bets on Stablecoin AI Payment

Traditional finance is still stuck in a "human-to-human" model, while Catena aims to achieve "AI-to-AI" interaction.

Never Underestimate the Significance of the US Stablecoin 'Infrastructure Bill'

Original Title: "Never Underestimate the Significance of the US Stablecoin 'Genius Act'"Original Author: 0xTodd, Partner at Nothing Research


If the US stablecoin bill, the "GENIUS Act," passes smoothly this time, its significance will be tremendous. I even think it's significant enough to enter the top five in Crypto history.



Although abbreviated as the GENIUS Act, which translates directly to the Genius Act, it is actually the Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for U.S. Stablecoins, which translates to "Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for US Dollar Stablecoins."


The proposal is lengthy, with several key points summarized for everyone:


· Mandatory 1:1 Full Asset Backing: Assets include cash, demand deposits, and short-term US Treasuries. At the same time, misappropriation and rehypothecation are strictly prohibited.


· High-Frequency Disclosure: Reserve reports must be published at least monthly, introducing external audits.


· Licensing Requirement: Once the circulating market cap of the issuer's stablecoin exceeds $100 billion, it must transition into the federal regulatory system within a specified timeframe, adopting banking-grade regulation.


· Introduction of Custody: The custodian of the stablecoin and its reserve assets must be a regulated qualified financial institution.


· Clear Definition as a Payment Medium: The bill explicitly defines stablecoin as a new type of payment medium, primarily regulated by the banking regulatory system, rather than restricted by the securities or commodities regulatory system.


· Embracing Existing Stablecoins: A maximum 18-month grace period after the bill's enactment, aimed at encouraging existing stablecoin issuers (such as USDT, USDC, etc.) to promptly obtain licenses or become compliant.


After finishing the main content, let's talk about the significance of this matter with an excited heart.


Over the years, when others asked, "After working in the Crypto industry for 16 years, what application have you created?"


In the future, you can confidently tell others—Stablecoins.


First, Clearing Concerns is a Prerequisite


Some people have held opposing views. In the past, people's impression of stablecoins was that they were an opaque black box. Every few months, there would be FUD — whether Tether's assets were frozen or Circle had a significant black hole deficit.


In fact, if you think about it, Tether easily rakes in billions of dollars a year just from the interest on those underlying government bonds. Circle, slightly less, also made a $1.7 billion profit last year.


They basically made money while standing there. From a motivational standpoint, they have no malicious intentions. In fact, they are the most eager for compliance.


Now, this opaque black box will become a transparent white box.


In the past, the only complaint was that Tether's funds might have been frozen by the United States. Now, they will be directly placed into U.S. compliant custodial institutions, with high-frequency disclosures, so you can rest assured.


【No need to worry about a rug pull】 is such a huge advantage—I think especially all Crypto people understand this.


Second, Mastering the Standard is Very Important


Stablecoins were once almost on the verge of being overtaken by CBDCs. In any country, if a central bank digital currency really exists, it is highly likely not built on a blockchain, at most it is built on some internal central bank consortium chain, which to be honest, is meaningless.


When CBDCs were at their peak, that was the most dangerous time for stablecoins.


If CBDCs had become a reality back then, stablecoins today would have been relentlessly suppressed into a dark corner, and blockchain would only be able to play a minimal role.


The remaining half-dead stablecoins would even have to learn the standards of central bank digital currencies, completely relinquishing their standard-setting power.


And now, stablecoins have won (or are about to).


Instead, everyone should learn the 【Blockchain + Token】 standard.


Nowadays, many blockchains actually have no meaningful applications on top, only stablecoin transfers. For example, with Aptos, the only scenario I use Aptos for is transfers between Binance and OKX.


And now, stablecoins will be legislated, what does that mean?


That's right, blockchain will become the only standard.


In the future, every stablecoin user will be the first to learn how to use a wallet.


As an aside, I actually think Ethereum's concerted push for EIP-7702 is quite forward-thinking. While other chains are all about memes, thank you Ethereum for sticking to account abstraction.



EIP-7702 is about Account Abstraction, which can support, for example:


· Social Account Registration Wallet

· Paying GAS with Native Coin

· And more


This paves the way for future new users to heavily use stablecoins, solving the last-mile problem.


Third, Deposit Enters a New Era


Furthermore, once stablecoins receive legislative support, deposits and withdrawals will become even easier.


Let's imagine a scenario: previously, hindered by the gray nature of stablecoins, but after the bill passes, many traditional brokerages can support stablecoins themselves. The money from a US stock investor can be converted into stablecoins in minutes and instantly deposited into Coinbase. Believe it or not.



Let's imagine another scenario: if the brilliant bill smoothly passes through the House of Representatives, next, you will see:


Due to the extremely lucrative nature of this trading, existing stablecoin leaders and newly entering traditional giants will crazily start promoting their stablecoin products.


And an outsider, due to these promotions, will start using stablecoins. And then one day, after finding out that the wallet account has been created, will explore Bitcoin inside. Is mining Bitcoin difficult?


Stablecoins are a huge Trojan horse. The moment you start using stablecoins, you unwittingly step half a foot into the Crypto world.


Fourth, Conclusion


As a large reservoir for digesting US debt, although stablecoins cannot directly absorb debt, they at least provide ammunition for the US debt secondary market. These functions are quite important, and slowly, stablecoins are becoming a part of the US debt market's body. Therefore, once the US legislation is passed and experiences the benefits, there is no turning back.


And, we are also confident that stablecoins are indeed one of the great innovations in our industry. People who have used stablecoins will find it hard to return to the traditional cash-banking system.


Once the bill is passed, users can't go back. In the future, concerns are about to be resolved, standards will be mastered, and the era of large deposits seems to be on the horizon.


Original Article Link

$COIN Joins S&P 500, but Coinbase Isn't Celebrating

On May 13, S&P Dow Jones Indices announced that Coinbase would officially replace Discover Financial Services in the S&P 500 on May 19. While other companies like Block and MicroStrategy, closely tied to Bitcoin, were already part of the S&P 500, Coinbase became the first cryptocurrency exchange whose primary business is in the index. This also signifies that cryptocurrency is gradually moving from the fringes to the mainstream in the U.S.



On the day of the announcement, Coinbase's stock price surged by 23%, surpassing the $250 mark. However, just 3 days later, Coinbase was hit by two consecutive events: a hack where employees were bribed to steal customer data and a demand for a $20 million ransom, and an investigation by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) into the authenticity of its claim of having over 100 million "verified users" in its securities filings and marketing materials. These two events acted as mini-bombs, and at the time of writing, Coinbase's stock had already dropped by over 7.3%.


Coincidentally, Discover Financial Services, being replaced by Coinbase, can also be considered the "Coinbase" of the previous payment era. Discover is a U.S.-based digital banking and payment services company headquartered in Illinois, founded in 1960. Its payment network, Discover Network, is the fourth largest payment network apart from Visa, Mastercard, and American Express.


In April, after the approval of the acquisition of Discover by the sixth-largest U.S. bank, Capital One, this well-established digital banking company of over 60 years smoothly handed over its S&P 500 "seat" to this emerging cryptocurrency "bank." This unexpected coincidence also portrayed the handover between the new and old eras in Coinbase's entry into the S&P 500, resembling a relay race scene. However, this relay baton also brought Coinbase's accumulated "external troubles and internal strife" to a tipping point.


Side Effects of ETFs


Over the past decade, cryptocurrency exchanges have been the most stable "profit machines." They play a role in providing liquidity to the entire industry and rely on trading fees to sustain their operations. However, with the comprehensive rollout of ETF products in the U.S. market, this profit model is facing unprecedented challenges. As the leader in the "American stack," with over 80% of its business coming from the U.S., Coinbase is most affected by this.



Starting from the approval of Bitcoin and Ethereum spot ETFs, traditional financial capital has significantly onboarded users and funds that originally belonged to exchanges in a more cost-effective, compliant, and transparent manner. The transaction fee revenue of cryptocurrency exchanges has started to decline, and this trend may further intensify in the coming months.


According to Coinbase's 2024 Q4 financial report, the platform's total trading revenue was $417 million, a 45% year-on-year decrease. The contribution of BTC and ETH's trading revenue dropped from 65% in the same period last year to less than 50%.


This decline is not a result of a decrease in market enthusiasm. In fact, since the approval of the Bitcoin ETF in January 2024, the inflow of BTC into the U.S. market has continued to reach new highs, with asset management giants like BlackRock and Fidelity rapidly expanding their management scale. Data shows that BlackRock's iShares Bitcoin ETF (IBIT) alone has surpassed $17 billion in assets under management. As of mid-May 2025, the cumulative net inflow of 11 major institutional Bitcoin spot ETFs on the market has exceeded $41.5 billion, with a total net asset value of $1214.69 billion, accounting for approximately 5.91% of the total Bitcoin market capitalization.


Chart showing the trend of net outflows for Grayscale among the 11 institutions


Institutional investors and some retail investors are shifting towards ETF products, partly due to compliance and tax considerations. On one hand, ETFs have much lower trading costs compared to cryptocurrency exchanges. While Coinbase's spot trading fee rate varies annually in a tiered manner but averages around 1.49%, for example, the management fee for IBIT ETF is only 0.25%, and the majority of ETF institution fees fluctuate around 0.15% to 0.25%.



In other words, the more rational users are, the more likely they are to move from exchanges to ETF products, especially for investors aiming for long-term holdings.


According to multiple sources, several institutions, including VanEck and Grayscale, have submitted applications to the SEC for a Solana (SOL) ETF, with some institutions also planning to submit an XRP ETF proposal. Once approved, this may trigger a new round of fund migration. According to a report submitted by Coinbase to the SEC, as of April, the platform's trading revenue from XRP and Solana accounted for 18% and 10%, nearly one-third of the platform's fee revenue.



However, the Bitcoin and Ethereum ETFs passed in 2024 also reduced the fees for these two tokens on Coinbase from 30% and 15% to 26% and 10%, respectively. If the SOL and XRP ETFs are approved, it will further undermine the core fee revenue of exchanges like Coinbase.


The expansion of ETF products is gradually weakening the financial intermediary status of cryptocurrency exchanges. From their original roles as matchmakers and clearers to now gradually becoming mere "on-ramps and off-ramps" for funds, exchanges are seeing their marginal value squeezed by ETFs.


Robinhood Takes a Stand, Traditional Brokerages Join the Fray


On May 12, 2025, SEC Chairman Paul S. Atkins gave a keynote speech at the Tokenization and Cryptocurrency Working Group roundtable. The theme of his speech revolved around "It is a new day at the SEC," where he indicated that the SEC would not approach enforcement and regulation the same way as before but would instead pave the way for cryptocurrency assets in the U.S. market.



With signs of cryptocurrency compliance such as the SEC's "NEW DAY" declaration, an increasing number of traditional brokerages are attempting to enter the cryptocurrency industry. One of the most representative cases is the well-known U.S. brokerage Robinhood, which began expanding its crypto business in 2018. By the time of its IPO in 2021, Robinhood's crypto business revenue accounted for over 50% of the company, with a significant boost from the Dogecoin "moonshot" promoted by Musk.


In Q1 2025 earnings report, Robinhood showcased strong growth, especially in revenue from cryptocurrency and options trading. Fueled by Trump's Memecoin, cryptocurrency-related revenue reached $250 million, nearly doubling year-over-year. Consequently, Robinhood Gold subscription users reached 3.5 million, a 90% increase from the previous year, with the rapid growth of Robinhood Gold providing the company with a stable source of income.



Meanwhile, RobinHood is actively pursuing acquisitions in the cryptocurrency space. In 2024, it announced a $2 billion acquisition of the long-standing European cryptocurrency exchange Bitstamp. Additionally, Canada's largest cryptocurrency CEX, WonderFi, which recently went public on the Toronto Stock Exchange, also announced its integration with RobinHood Crypto. After obtaining virtual asset licenses in the UK, Canada, Singapore, and other markets, RobinHood has taken a proactive approach in the compliant cryptocurrency trading market.



Furthermore, an increasing number of brokerage firms are exploring the same path. Futu Securities, Tiger Brokers, and others are also dipping their toes into cryptocurrency trading, with some having applied for or obtained the VA license from the Hong Kong SFC. Although their user bases are currently small, traditional brokerages have a natural advantage in user trust, regulatory licenses, and low fee structures. This could pose a threat to native cryptocurrency platforms in the future.



User Data Breach: Is Coinbase Still Secure?


In April 2025, security researchers discovered that some Coinbase user data was leaked on the dark web. While the platform initially responded by attributing it to a "technical misinformation," it still raised concerns among users regarding its security and privacy protection. Just two days before Dow Jones Indexes announced Coinbase's addition to the S&P 500 Index, on May 11, 2025, Coinbase received an email from an unknown threat actor claiming to have obtained customer account information and internal documents, demanding a $20 million ransom to keep the data private. Subsequent investigations confirmed the data breach.


Cybercriminals obtained the data by bribing overseas customer service agents and support staff, mainly in "non-U.S. regions such as India." These agents abused their access to Coinbase's internal customer support system and stole customer data. As early as February this year, blockchain detective ZachXBT revealed on X platform that between December 2024 and January 2025, Coinbase users lost over $65 million to social engineering scams, with the actual amount potentially higher.


Among the victims was a well-known figure, 67-year-old Ed Suman, an established artist in the art world for nearly two decades, having been involved in the creation of artworks such as Jeff Koons' "Balloon Dog" sculpture. Earlier this year, he fell victim to an impersonation scam involving fake Coinbase customer support, resulting in a loss of over $2 million in cryptocurrency. ZachXBT critiqued Coinbase for its inadequate handling of such scams, noting that other major exchanges have not faced similar issues and recommending Coinbase to enhance its security measures.


Amidst a series of ongoing social engineering incidents, although there has not been any impact on user assets at the technical level so far, it has raised concerns among many retail and institutional investors. Especially institutions holding massive assets on Coinbase. Just considering the U.S. BTC ETF institutions, as of mid-May 2025, they collectively hold nearly 840,000 BTC, and 75% of these are custodied by Coinbase. If we price BTC at $100,000, this amount reaches a staggering $63 billion, which is equivalent to the nominal GDP of two Iceland in the year 2024.


Visualization: ChatGPT, Source: Farside


In addition, Coinbase Custody also serves over 300 institutional clients, including hedge funds, family offices, pension funds, and endowments. As of the Q1 2025 financial report, Coinbase's total assets under management (including institutional and retail clients) reached $404 billion. The specific amount of institutional custodied assets was not explicitly disclosed in the latest report, but it should still be over 50% based on the Q4 2024 report.


Visualization: ChatGPT


Once this security barrier is breached, not only could the rate of user attrition far exceed expectations, but more importantly, institutional trust in it would undermine the foundation of its business. Therefore, after a hacking event, Coinbase's stock price plummeted significantly.


CEXs are All in Self-Rescue Mode


Facing a decline in spot trading fee revenue, Coinbase is also accelerating its transformation, attempting to find growth opportunities in derivatives and emerging assets. Coinbase acquired a stake in the options platform Deribit at the end of 2024 and announced the official launch of perpetual contract products in 2025. This acquisition fills in Coinbase's gap in options trading and its relatively small global market share.



Deribit has a strong presence in non-U.S. markets, especially in Asia and Europe. The acquisition has enabled Coinbase to gain a dominant position in bitcoin and ethereum options trading on Deribit, accounting for approximately 80% of the global options trading volume, with daily trading volume remaining above $2 billion.


Meanwhile, 80-90% of Deribit's customer base consists of institutional investors, with their professionalism and liquidity in the Bitcoin and Ethereum options market highly favored by institutions. Coinbase's compliance advantage, coupled with its already robust institutional ecosystem, makes it even more suitable. By using institutions as an entry point, it can face the squeeze from giants like Binance and OKX in the derivatives market.



Facing a similar dilemma is Kraken, which is attempting to replicate Binance Futures' model in non-U.S. markets. Since the derivatives market relies more on professional users, fee rates are relatively higher and stickiness is stronger, making it a significant source of revenue for exchanges. In the first half of 2025, Kraken completed the acquisition of TradeStation Crypto and a futures exchange, aiming to build a complete derivatives trading ecosystem to hedge the risk of declining spot transaction fee income.


With the surge of Memecoin in 2024, Binance, OKX, and various CEX platforms began massively listing small-market-cap, highly volatile tokens to activate active trading users. Due to the wealth effect and trading activity of Memecoins, Coinbase was also forced to join the battle, successively listing popular tokens from the Solana ecosystem such as BOOK OF MEME and Dogwifhat. Although these coins are controversial, they are frequently traded, with fee rates several times higher than mainstream coins, serving as a "blood-boosting" method for spot trading.


However, due to its status as a publicly traded company, this practice is a riskier endeavor for Coinbase. Even in the current crypto-friendly environment, the SEC is still investigating whether tokens like SOL, ADA, and SAND constitute securities.


In addition to the forced transformation strategies carried out by the aforementioned CEXs, they are also starting to lay out RWAs and the most talked-about stablecoin payment fields, such as the PYUSD launched through a collaboration between Coinbase and Paypal, Coinbase's support for the Euro stablecoin EURC by Circle that complies with EU MiCA regulatory requirements, or the USD1 launched through a collaboration between Binance and WIFL. In the increasingly crowded trading field, many CEXs have shifted their focus from just the trading market to the application field.


The golden age of transaction fees has quietly ended, and the second half of the crypto exchange platform game has silently begun.


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