Farcaster Metamorphosis: a16z Spends $180M to Demolish Web3 Social

By: blockbeats|2025/04/22 05:30:02
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ABCDE has announced the cessation of new project investments and the suspension of fundraising for its second fund, triggering another round of "VC is dead" lamentation on Crypto Twitter. However, in the previous cycle, VCs shone brightly, relying on storytelling to inflate valuations, packaging each PowerPoint presentation as the future of the internet.

As the decentralized social media leader Farcaster, which has raised a total of $180 million in two bull markets, undoubtedly embodies the VC narrative. However, Farcaster's answer is gradually becoming clear—not betting on "decentralized imagination" anymore but on "assetization execution." Farcaster is not a failed product but rather another narrative collapse in the crypto world. VCs have realized they do not possess the ability to reshape the world; they were merely cashing out of a pre-funded valuation story.

From Farcaster to Warpcast and Back to Farcaster

Recently, Dan, the co-founder of the Farcaster protocol, announced that the team is considering renaming the current official client app, known as Warpcast, back to Farcaster and simultaneously adjusting its web domain to farcaster.xyz. This move aims to simplify the brand system and address the confusion between the protocol and the application for new users.

In 2021, Farcaster was launched as a desktop product, which later transformed into a mobile and web application in 2023 under the name Warpcast. Although the initial renaming was intended to make it easier for other developers to build their own clients based on the protocol if the client (Warpcast) and the protocol itself (Farcaster) had different names, this vision did not materialize as anticipated. According to feedback from the team, in reality, the vast majority of users still register accounts and access the protocol through Warpcast.

In May of last year, BlockBeats analyzed the Farcaster ecosystem, noting that the front-end application Warpcast held the core features of the Farcaster protocol, such as private messaging and channels. The ecosystem exhibited a significant Matthew effect, with unofficial clients struggling to survive in the margins and identifying pain points of Warpcast for feature development. Nevertheless, applications like Supercast and Tako adopted differentiation strategies to build their social platforms.

Related Reading: "No Opportunity on Farcaster anymore?"

Today, the Farcaster team officially announced the rebranding of the Warpcast frontend to Farcaster, somewhat betraying the frontend application developers who chose the Farcaster protocol.

In fact, this renaming operation is just a small reflection of Farcaster's transformation. Since last October, the Farcaster protocol has made adjustments in product updates, strategic positioning, personnel changes, and more.

One detail is that after this, developer meetings will no longer distinguish between "Farcaster topics" and "Warpcast updates" but will focus on specific overall issues such as Growth, Direct Cast, reducing registration costs, Hub stability, FIP governance, and identity systems.

However, in terms of user stickiness, Farcaster has so far failed to overcome the typical cold start platform problem. According to Dune data, since open registration in the second half of 2023, its DAU/MAU ratio has long hovered around 0.2, briefly reaching 0.4 in early 2024 due to DEGEN's popularity surge, then quickly falling back.

The DAU/MAU ratio refers to the ratio of daily active users to monthly active users, used to measure the number of days users interact with the application per month. A ratio approaching 1 indicates higher user activity, while a ratio below 0.2 suggests weak application virality and interactivity.

Farcaster Metamorphosis: a16z Spends src=

In contrast, early Web2 community products such as Reddit or Mastodon have maintained a stable DAU/MAU ratio in the range of 0.25 to 0.3. Even smaller-scale, more niche social apps like Discord servers often maintain an active ratio above 0.3. Farcaster's data shows that despite its high relevance in the Crypto community, user usage habits have not truly been established, with active users mainly concentrated among a few heavy creators and on-chain natives, without forming a sustainable content consumption and social loop.

Creating Content? Creating Assets? Farcaster Has No Answer

In the initial product logic, Farcaster attempted to build a decentralized social graph through content tools, where the once promising Channel (similar to topic groups) was the core unit carrying communities and traffic in this graph. However, the incentive effect of assets far surpassed the self-organizing ability of content, leading to a shift in product logic.

Abandoned Channel

In February 2024, the social token $DEGEN rose to fame in the Warpcast channel named Degen, becoming a key driver of Farcaster's mainstream adoption. At that time, Farcaster had only opened network registration four months prior, with daily active users surpassing 30,000. With the $DEGEN token fermenting and other similarly popular channel tokens like Higher emerging, Farcaster's daily active users peaked at 70,000.

The Farcaster team realized that channels were a vehicle to bring people, attention, and liquidity together. Farcaster's founder, Dan, saw this as a key difference from centralized social media platforms like Twitter, allowing small communities to exist within a broader social graph. Although just a feature of Warpcast, the plan was for full decentralization, where channels could enhance user engagement and create a more intimate social experience by fostering these small, focused communities.

Thus, the team established the core development focus of channels, creating various concepts around it, including channel host rights, channel ownership, and even projects and clients centered around channels. Dan even urged users not to squat on channel names to later sell them to brands, referencing a past incident involving the podcast show Bankless and a user squabble over channel names.

However, this approach did not last long. In July 2024, Farcaster Protocol's network scalability bottleneck became apparent. During a developer conference, the team announced a pause in the decentralization of channels to rethink the implementation path.

When responding to users asking why they couldn't speak in certain topic channels, Dan stated that channels would not bring any additional distribution bonuses. Although there had been attempts in the past, the results were unsatisfactory. He said, "Channels are suitable for community operation but not for discussing a specific topic. We won't recommend them to new users." Historical data showed that channels had a limited impact on user growth, and due to limited resources, the Farcaster team had no immediate plans to add new features to channels.

On the product priority list, Mini App and Wallet took precedence, shifting Farcaster from a content- and social graph-centric social protocol to a transaction-focused protocol, as the latter could attract more native users in the crypto space.

Built-in Wallet Exacerbates Monopoly

In a podcast, Farcaster co-founder Dan shared his latest understanding of the "User" concept: users who only register an account and engage lightly, although superficially increasing activity levels, the true value to the network comes from wallet users who hold cryptocurrency assets and are willing to engage on-chain. This refined user cognition directly influenced the team's product strategy on the wallet system.

By the end of November 2024, Farcaster began exploring the integration of a tradable wallet within the application to facilitate on-chain transactions. The goal is to increase on-chain interaction frequency to enhance ecosystem stickiness and monetization potential. In fact, each Warpcast user already has a "Farcaster Wallet" created by default at registration, which binds user identity for logging into Warpcast and Frames, but since it is only stored locally on the phone, its functionality leans towards authentication and signature rather than fund movement.

In contrast, the newly launched "Warpcast Wallet" is a wallet that can send and receive assets, which users can generate at registration and use for token deposits, exchanges, transfers, and on-chain interaction.

The timing of integrating the tradable wallet by Farcaster is hard not to associate with the emergence of Clanker.

Clanker is an AI Token Issuer on Warpcast, where users can post and tag Clanker to release tradable tokens on Uniswap. Its official token $CLANKER surged 20x in November last year, making Base and Warpcast competitive with Solana in the AI concept space. Also, due to the wealth effect of $CLANKER, Farcaster's daily active users reached a new high since last summer.

Unlike the fate of $DEGEN, as another breakout target from Warpcast, $CLANKER received attention and support from the team and the core community from the beginning. However, in this process, the Agent, DEX, consumer wallet, etc., all benefited from this asset issuance frenzy, but Warpcast did not receive any economic return.

Clanker's success made the team realize that if more on-chain interactions are to occur within the Farcaster ecosystem, relying solely on open protocols and third-party integrations is not enough; they must have a native tradable wallet system, thus giving rise to the Warpcast Wallet.

From a product design perspective, the role played by the Warpcast Wallet is to act as a bridge between user social interactions and on-chain activities—users can complete transactions, tip, or claim airdrops by simply clicking on Frame without needing to switch interfaces or connect an external wallet. This "social meets financial" product logic makes Farcaster more like a "Singapore" of the crypto world—having a small user base but high wallet activity and per capita funds.

According to the official documentation, users are required to pay a 0.85% fee when using the Warpcast Wallet, with 0.15% going to the 0x Protocol providing transaction routing, and the remaining 0.70% going directly to Warpcast's revenue. Data from Dune shows that since its launch, the revenue curve of the Farcaster protocol has been steadily rising, providing initial validation of the feasibility of the embedded wallet as a monetization path.

However, it is worth noting that the Warpcast embedded wallet is not written into the protocol layer. Additionally, with the intention of renaming the Warpcast client to Farcaster, BlockBeats has learned that some Farcaster developers believe the protocol is becoming increasingly centralized and monopolistic.

The Greatest Innovation is Just a "WeChat Mini Program"

With the introduction of the embedded wallet, Farcaster has made further progress towards becoming an asset-oriented social application. The official statement mentioned that one of the purposes of launching the wallet was to attract developers to build applications based on the Frame framework and thereby drive the integration of transaction activities and content distribution.

Frame was first introduced in early 2024 as a lightweight application standard running on top of the Farcaster protocol, allowing developers to embed small programs into social clients. When a user clicks on Frame, developers can identify their wallet address and push content to them or trigger interactive operations. However, as the overall popularity of Farcaster has declined, the use of Frame has also shown a clear downward trend.

To address this situation, Farcaster launched Frame v2 at the end of 2024. The new version supports the development of applications with HTML, CSS, and JavaScript that provide a near-native experience. Developers can deploy products quickly using the Mini App SDK without having to go through the app store approval process. Frame v2 not only enhances interaction complexity but also deeply integrates with the embedded wallet, further strengthening transactional attributes, making the overall experience more akin to a WeChat Mini Program.

In March 2025, Linda Xie, co-founder of Scalar Capital and Bountycaster, joined the Farcaster team to lead developer relations, with a focus on advancing the development and promotion of Frame. Simultaneously, Farcaster launched the "Airdrop Plan," encouraging developers to build applications using Frame v2 and reach users through asset airdrops. While not an official token airdrop, this mechanism effectively drove user growth. In mid-March, Farcaster's daily active users briefly exceeded 40,000, reaching a milestone.

In early April 2025, Farcaster officially renamed Frame to Mini App and positioned it alongside the Wallet in the bottom navigation bar of the Warpcast client.

Currently, a set of lightweight applications supporting on-chain interactions have been integrated into Warpcast, with Mini App now a key part of the ecosystem. However, from user growth data, it is evident that Mini App's user acquisition capabilities have not been significantly leveraged, and its long-term impact is still under observation.

The Disappearance of "Web3" and the Decline of Silicon Valley Titans

In fact, Farcaster's transformation is not unique; it simply was the first to expose the structural dilemma of the entire Web3 social track—a scenario where open protocols struggle to achieve user scale, content distribution fails to drive engagement, and ultimately, platforms revert to the asset-driven reality.

Do We Really Need a "Decentralized Social Platform"?

From $DEGEN to $CLANKER, almost every time Farcaster gained traction, it was closely tied to assets. What truly propelled the surge in daily active users was not the protocol's evolution or the client's innovation but rather repeated wealth effects driven by tokens. This recurring pattern reveals a core fact: Farcaster is not "unused" but rather "only used when there is a profit to be made." These platforms indeed fulfill a certain market demand, but their role is not that of a social network but rather an asset distributor.

This is not by chance but rather the inevitable outcome of the long-standing misalignment between crypto narratives and real-world usage.

In 2020, BlockBeats wrote in an article titled "The World Hates Current Social Media" that decentralization and protocolization may be the only way for social products to break free from the "platform dilemma." In the face of increasing content censorship and platform monopolies, open protocols carry people's hopes for a "new social order."

Back then, Twitter was seen as a typical failure of protocol: it briefly opened its API, encouraged developers to build an ecosystem, but eventually returned to the old path of being an advertising platform with data monopolies. The original ambition of Farcaster was to "not become the second Twitter," claiming to be centered around an open protocol to connect developers, users, and assets, realizing a co-constructed, mutually beneficial decentralized social network.

However, three years later, Farcaster's replication was not of Twitter's initial protocol ideal but rather its later platform logic. Dan, who once urged everyone to "build their own client based on the protocol," now personally announced that the client is also called Farcaster, intertwining "protocol" and "product" significantly.

This shift in product, looking for Product/Market Fit (PMF), is rational at the surface, even a realistic compromise, but it also indicates that the so-called "open ecosystem" in the implementation process has quietly been misappropriated as a narrative tool for user growth. The developers' role is not truly supported but used to tell a story. Like when Twitter closed its API years ago, the developer ecosystem is only temporary fuel for driving the platform into a closed loop.

Over three years, Farcaster has proven one thing: In the Crypto context, a social protocol cannot fundamentally form the ecosystem we expected in 2020. Not because no one developed clients, but because no one used them. Not because it was not decentralized enough, but because decentralization was not a concern for users at all.

Today, SocialFi, like GameFi, has to some extent been labeled on the death track. Not long ago, a certain Key Opinion Leader (KOL) criticized the founder of a decentralized social application, saying, "After so long doing traffic, your fans are not as high as an ordinary individual KOL like me. What skills do you have? What have you done with your 2M funding? It's not as profitable as my SOL wallet." While it is a wry smile, it also can't help but reflect that the era of infrastructure built on narratives has ended, and the valuation systems of all VC projects are being reconstructed.

Crypto is Not the "Next Internet"

However, a16z is the biggest advocate of this narrative. Having invested early in Twitter, Facebook, and other social media, when the investment behemoth encounters decentralized social products, it naturally cannot ignore their presence. As a Google executive once said, "They're like a lunatic, aggressively intervening in every transaction."

The full name of a16z is Andreessen Horowitz, derived from the surnames of the two founders, Marc Andreessen and Ben Horowitz, established in 2009. As a famous software catcher, nearly all of the most prominent companies in the Internet field have been hit: Facebook, Twitter, Airbnb, Okta, Github, Stripe, etc. Their investment strategy combines early sensitivity and growth-stage decisiveness, being able to invest in Instagram in the seed round, enter Github in the Series A competition, and lead the Series G investment in Roblox with $150 million.

Its keen foresight and aggressive investment style are exemplified in its layout in the crypto field. When Coinbase, invested in 2013, went public, its market value soared to as high as $85.8 billion, making it one of the largest tech IPOs in history. After cashing out $4.4 billion, a16z still holds 7% of the company's shares. Well-known crypto projects such as OpenSea, Uniswap, and dYdX are also representative works of a16z.

The crypto bull market since 2021 has caused the paper value of major venture capital portfolios to skyrocket, with fund returns reaching 20 times or even 100 times, making cryptocurrency venture capital suddenly look like a money-printing machine. Limited partners (LPs) are flocking in, eager to catch the next big wave. The new funds raised by venture capital firms are 10 to 100 times larger than before, firmly believing that they can replicate those excess returns.

Farcaster is undoubtedly the product of the peak of this liquidity craze. In July 2022, Farcaster announced the completion of a $30 million financing round led by a16z. Two years later, Farcaster raised $150 million at a valuation of $1 billion, with Paradigm leading the round and notable VCs such as a16z crypto, Haun, USV, Variant, and Standard Crypto participating. With a valuation of $1 billion, it became the largest funding in the Web3 social track's history. At that time, a comment in Fortune magazine pointed out that this valuation was more of a result of internal fund game-playing rather than a true reflection of market demand.

Cryptocurrency investor Liron Shapira said, "If venture capital still has LP capital available, choosing to invest $150 million instead of returning it can earn an additional $20-30 million in management fees." This is not a market recognition of Web3 social, but a self-contained loop of capital operation. An article in Fortune magazine also stated that a source who requested anonymity due to business constraints expects Farcaster, like most protocols, to launch a token, and investors will be eager to capture its fully diluted value.

a16z partners have proposed that "technological waves often appear in combination," endorsing the intersection of Web3, AI, and hardware. However, they avoid a fundamental fact: every leap of the mobile Internet, whether it be smartphones or search engines, has been built on real user pain points and technological breakthroughs, not on a structural bubble under a capital narrative.

"Technology eats the world" was once a radical and precise judgment, but its applicable premise is that technology has a crushing advantage at the foundational level. The reason AI has erupted is that it challenges individual intelligence—a structurally irrepressible power differential; whereas blockchain challenges "sovereign currency," which is a credit system unchanged for two thousand years. It will not explosively disrupt societal structures like the Internet or AI; it will slowly evolve over long periods, be absorbed and co-opted by vested interest systems, and eventually become part of the existing order.

Therefore, in reality, the truly accepted and value-creating cryptocurrency systems are almost without exception "mechanism-driven + liquidity-first." From Uniswap to Lido, from GMX to friend.tech, they rely on capital attraction rather than idealism. The VC model of "investors driving world change" does not apply in this world.

Crypto has never lacked social tools. The so-called protocol ideal is just this industry's illusionary projection onto the internet platform era, attempting to replace business models with consensus mechanisms, but ultimately only deferring structural issues to the asset monetization stage.

The biggest crisis in the current crypto industry is not regulation, not technology, but strategic confusion and a vacuum of demand. Apart from "casino logic" and cross-border payments, almost no area demonstrates a sustained ability to create user value. The failure of VCs is fundamentally a loss of direction in the absence of value: if this industry itself lacks real value, then the discussion of value discovery is futile from the start.

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Traditional finance is still stuck in a "human-to-human" model, while Catena aims to achieve "AI-to-AI" interaction.

Never Underestimate the Significance of the US Stablecoin 'Infrastructure Bill'

Original Title: "Never Underestimate the Significance of the US Stablecoin 'Genius Act'"Original Author: 0xTodd, Partner at Nothing Research


If the US stablecoin bill, the "GENIUS Act," passes smoothly this time, its significance will be tremendous. I even think it's significant enough to enter the top five in Crypto history.



Although abbreviated as the GENIUS Act, which translates directly to the Genius Act, it is actually the Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for U.S. Stablecoins, which translates to "Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for US Dollar Stablecoins."


The proposal is lengthy, with several key points summarized for everyone:


· Mandatory 1:1 Full Asset Backing: Assets include cash, demand deposits, and short-term US Treasuries. At the same time, misappropriation and rehypothecation are strictly prohibited.


· High-Frequency Disclosure: Reserve reports must be published at least monthly, introducing external audits.


· Licensing Requirement: Once the circulating market cap of the issuer's stablecoin exceeds $100 billion, it must transition into the federal regulatory system within a specified timeframe, adopting banking-grade regulation.


· Introduction of Custody: The custodian of the stablecoin and its reserve assets must be a regulated qualified financial institution.


· Clear Definition as a Payment Medium: The bill explicitly defines stablecoin as a new type of payment medium, primarily regulated by the banking regulatory system, rather than restricted by the securities or commodities regulatory system.


· Embracing Existing Stablecoins: A maximum 18-month grace period after the bill's enactment, aimed at encouraging existing stablecoin issuers (such as USDT, USDC, etc.) to promptly obtain licenses or become compliant.


After finishing the main content, let's talk about the significance of this matter with an excited heart.


Over the years, when others asked, "After working in the Crypto industry for 16 years, what application have you created?"


In the future, you can confidently tell others—Stablecoins.


First, Clearing Concerns is a Prerequisite


Some people have held opposing views. In the past, people's impression of stablecoins was that they were an opaque black box. Every few months, there would be FUD — whether Tether's assets were frozen or Circle had a significant black hole deficit.


In fact, if you think about it, Tether easily rakes in billions of dollars a year just from the interest on those underlying government bonds. Circle, slightly less, also made a $1.7 billion profit last year.


They basically made money while standing there. From a motivational standpoint, they have no malicious intentions. In fact, they are the most eager for compliance.


Now, this opaque black box will become a transparent white box.


In the past, the only complaint was that Tether's funds might have been frozen by the United States. Now, they will be directly placed into U.S. compliant custodial institutions, with high-frequency disclosures, so you can rest assured.


【No need to worry about a rug pull】 is such a huge advantage—I think especially all Crypto people understand this.


Second, Mastering the Standard is Very Important


Stablecoins were once almost on the verge of being overtaken by CBDCs. In any country, if a central bank digital currency really exists, it is highly likely not built on a blockchain, at most it is built on some internal central bank consortium chain, which to be honest, is meaningless.


When CBDCs were at their peak, that was the most dangerous time for stablecoins.


If CBDCs had become a reality back then, stablecoins today would have been relentlessly suppressed into a dark corner, and blockchain would only be able to play a minimal role.


The remaining half-dead stablecoins would even have to learn the standards of central bank digital currencies, completely relinquishing their standard-setting power.


And now, stablecoins have won (or are about to).


Instead, everyone should learn the 【Blockchain + Token】 standard.


Nowadays, many blockchains actually have no meaningful applications on top, only stablecoin transfers. For example, with Aptos, the only scenario I use Aptos for is transfers between Binance and OKX.


And now, stablecoins will be legislated, what does that mean?


That's right, blockchain will become the only standard.


In the future, every stablecoin user will be the first to learn how to use a wallet.


As an aside, I actually think Ethereum's concerted push for EIP-7702 is quite forward-thinking. While other chains are all about memes, thank you Ethereum for sticking to account abstraction.



EIP-7702 is about Account Abstraction, which can support, for example:


· Social Account Registration Wallet

· Paying GAS with Native Coin

· And more


This paves the way for future new users to heavily use stablecoins, solving the last-mile problem.


Third, Deposit Enters a New Era


Furthermore, once stablecoins receive legislative support, deposits and withdrawals will become even easier.


Let's imagine a scenario: previously, hindered by the gray nature of stablecoins, but after the bill passes, many traditional brokerages can support stablecoins themselves. The money from a US stock investor can be converted into stablecoins in minutes and instantly deposited into Coinbase. Believe it or not.



Let's imagine another scenario: if the brilliant bill smoothly passes through the House of Representatives, next, you will see:


Due to the extremely lucrative nature of this trading, existing stablecoin leaders and newly entering traditional giants will crazily start promoting their stablecoin products.


And an outsider, due to these promotions, will start using stablecoins. And then one day, after finding out that the wallet account has been created, will explore Bitcoin inside. Is mining Bitcoin difficult?


Stablecoins are a huge Trojan horse. The moment you start using stablecoins, you unwittingly step half a foot into the Crypto world.


Fourth, Conclusion


As a large reservoir for digesting US debt, although stablecoins cannot directly absorb debt, they at least provide ammunition for the US debt secondary market. These functions are quite important, and slowly, stablecoins are becoming a part of the US debt market's body. Therefore, once the US legislation is passed and experiences the benefits, there is no turning back.


And, we are also confident that stablecoins are indeed one of the great innovations in our industry. People who have used stablecoins will find it hard to return to the traditional cash-banking system.


Once the bill is passed, users can't go back. In the future, concerns are about to be resolved, standards will be mastered, and the era of large deposits seems to be on the horizon.


Original Article Link

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$COIN Joins S&P 500, but Coinbase Isn't Celebrating

On May 13, S&P Dow Jones Indices announced that Coinbase would officially replace Discover Financial Services in the S&P 500 on May 19. While other companies like Block and MicroStrategy, closely tied to Bitcoin, were already part of the S&P 500, Coinbase became the first cryptocurrency exchange whose primary business is in the index. This also signifies that cryptocurrency is gradually moving from the fringes to the mainstream in the U.S.



On the day of the announcement, Coinbase's stock price surged by 23%, surpassing the $250 mark. However, just 3 days later, Coinbase was hit by two consecutive events: a hack where employees were bribed to steal customer data and a demand for a $20 million ransom, and an investigation by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) into the authenticity of its claim of having over 100 million "verified users" in its securities filings and marketing materials. These two events acted as mini-bombs, and at the time of writing, Coinbase's stock had already dropped by over 7.3%.


Coincidentally, Discover Financial Services, being replaced by Coinbase, can also be considered the "Coinbase" of the previous payment era. Discover is a U.S.-based digital banking and payment services company headquartered in Illinois, founded in 1960. Its payment network, Discover Network, is the fourth largest payment network apart from Visa, Mastercard, and American Express.


In April, after the approval of the acquisition of Discover by the sixth-largest U.S. bank, Capital One, this well-established digital banking company of over 60 years smoothly handed over its S&P 500 "seat" to this emerging cryptocurrency "bank." This unexpected coincidence also portrayed the handover between the new and old eras in Coinbase's entry into the S&P 500, resembling a relay race scene. However, this relay baton also brought Coinbase's accumulated "external troubles and internal strife" to a tipping point.


Side Effects of ETFs


Over the past decade, cryptocurrency exchanges have been the most stable "profit machines." They play a role in providing liquidity to the entire industry and rely on trading fees to sustain their operations. However, with the comprehensive rollout of ETF products in the U.S. market, this profit model is facing unprecedented challenges. As the leader in the "American stack," with over 80% of its business coming from the U.S., Coinbase is most affected by this.



Starting from the approval of Bitcoin and Ethereum spot ETFs, traditional financial capital has significantly onboarded users and funds that originally belonged to exchanges in a more cost-effective, compliant, and transparent manner. The transaction fee revenue of cryptocurrency exchanges has started to decline, and this trend may further intensify in the coming months.


According to Coinbase's 2024 Q4 financial report, the platform's total trading revenue was $417 million, a 45% year-on-year decrease. The contribution of BTC and ETH's trading revenue dropped from 65% in the same period last year to less than 50%.


This decline is not a result of a decrease in market enthusiasm. In fact, since the approval of the Bitcoin ETF in January 2024, the inflow of BTC into the U.S. market has continued to reach new highs, with asset management giants like BlackRock and Fidelity rapidly expanding their management scale. Data shows that BlackRock's iShares Bitcoin ETF (IBIT) alone has surpassed $17 billion in assets under management. As of mid-May 2025, the cumulative net inflow of 11 major institutional Bitcoin spot ETFs on the market has exceeded $41.5 billion, with a total net asset value of $1214.69 billion, accounting for approximately 5.91% of the total Bitcoin market capitalization.


Chart showing the trend of net outflows for Grayscale among the 11 institutions


Institutional investors and some retail investors are shifting towards ETF products, partly due to compliance and tax considerations. On one hand, ETFs have much lower trading costs compared to cryptocurrency exchanges. While Coinbase's spot trading fee rate varies annually in a tiered manner but averages around 1.49%, for example, the management fee for IBIT ETF is only 0.25%, and the majority of ETF institution fees fluctuate around 0.15% to 0.25%.



In other words, the more rational users are, the more likely they are to move from exchanges to ETF products, especially for investors aiming for long-term holdings.


According to multiple sources, several institutions, including VanEck and Grayscale, have submitted applications to the SEC for a Solana (SOL) ETF, with some institutions also planning to submit an XRP ETF proposal. Once approved, this may trigger a new round of fund migration. According to a report submitted by Coinbase to the SEC, as of April, the platform's trading revenue from XRP and Solana accounted for 18% and 10%, nearly one-third of the platform's fee revenue.



However, the Bitcoin and Ethereum ETFs passed in 2024 also reduced the fees for these two tokens on Coinbase from 30% and 15% to 26% and 10%, respectively. If the SOL and XRP ETFs are approved, it will further undermine the core fee revenue of exchanges like Coinbase.


The expansion of ETF products is gradually weakening the financial intermediary status of cryptocurrency exchanges. From their original roles as matchmakers and clearers to now gradually becoming mere "on-ramps and off-ramps" for funds, exchanges are seeing their marginal value squeezed by ETFs.


Robinhood Takes a Stand, Traditional Brokerages Join the Fray


On May 12, 2025, SEC Chairman Paul S. Atkins gave a keynote speech at the Tokenization and Cryptocurrency Working Group roundtable. The theme of his speech revolved around "It is a new day at the SEC," where he indicated that the SEC would not approach enforcement and regulation the same way as before but would instead pave the way for cryptocurrency assets in the U.S. market.



With signs of cryptocurrency compliance such as the SEC's "NEW DAY" declaration, an increasing number of traditional brokerages are attempting to enter the cryptocurrency industry. One of the most representative cases is the well-known U.S. brokerage Robinhood, which began expanding its crypto business in 2018. By the time of its IPO in 2021, Robinhood's crypto business revenue accounted for over 50% of the company, with a significant boost from the Dogecoin "moonshot" promoted by Musk.


In Q1 2025 earnings report, Robinhood showcased strong growth, especially in revenue from cryptocurrency and options trading. Fueled by Trump's Memecoin, cryptocurrency-related revenue reached $250 million, nearly doubling year-over-year. Consequently, Robinhood Gold subscription users reached 3.5 million, a 90% increase from the previous year, with the rapid growth of Robinhood Gold providing the company with a stable source of income.



Meanwhile, RobinHood is actively pursuing acquisitions in the cryptocurrency space. In 2024, it announced a $2 billion acquisition of the long-standing European cryptocurrency exchange Bitstamp. Additionally, Canada's largest cryptocurrency CEX, WonderFi, which recently went public on the Toronto Stock Exchange, also announced its integration with RobinHood Crypto. After obtaining virtual asset licenses in the UK, Canada, Singapore, and other markets, RobinHood has taken a proactive approach in the compliant cryptocurrency trading market.



Furthermore, an increasing number of brokerage firms are exploring the same path. Futu Securities, Tiger Brokers, and others are also dipping their toes into cryptocurrency trading, with some having applied for or obtained the VA license from the Hong Kong SFC. Although their user bases are currently small, traditional brokerages have a natural advantage in user trust, regulatory licenses, and low fee structures. This could pose a threat to native cryptocurrency platforms in the future.



User Data Breach: Is Coinbase Still Secure?


In April 2025, security researchers discovered that some Coinbase user data was leaked on the dark web. While the platform initially responded by attributing it to a "technical misinformation," it still raised concerns among users regarding its security and privacy protection. Just two days before Dow Jones Indexes announced Coinbase's addition to the S&P 500 Index, on May 11, 2025, Coinbase received an email from an unknown threat actor claiming to have obtained customer account information and internal documents, demanding a $20 million ransom to keep the data private. Subsequent investigations confirmed the data breach.


Cybercriminals obtained the data by bribing overseas customer service agents and support staff, mainly in "non-U.S. regions such as India." These agents abused their access to Coinbase's internal customer support system and stole customer data. As early as February this year, blockchain detective ZachXBT revealed on X platform that between December 2024 and January 2025, Coinbase users lost over $65 million to social engineering scams, with the actual amount potentially higher.


Among the victims was a well-known figure, 67-year-old Ed Suman, an established artist in the art world for nearly two decades, having been involved in the creation of artworks such as Jeff Koons' "Balloon Dog" sculpture. Earlier this year, he fell victim to an impersonation scam involving fake Coinbase customer support, resulting in a loss of over $2 million in cryptocurrency. ZachXBT critiqued Coinbase for its inadequate handling of such scams, noting that other major exchanges have not faced similar issues and recommending Coinbase to enhance its security measures.


Amidst a series of ongoing social engineering incidents, although there has not been any impact on user assets at the technical level so far, it has raised concerns among many retail and institutional investors. Especially institutions holding massive assets on Coinbase. Just considering the U.S. BTC ETF institutions, as of mid-May 2025, they collectively hold nearly 840,000 BTC, and 75% of these are custodied by Coinbase. If we price BTC at $100,000, this amount reaches a staggering $63 billion, which is equivalent to the nominal GDP of two Iceland in the year 2024.


Visualization: ChatGPT, Source: Farside


In addition, Coinbase Custody also serves over 300 institutional clients, including hedge funds, family offices, pension funds, and endowments. As of the Q1 2025 financial report, Coinbase's total assets under management (including institutional and retail clients) reached $404 billion. The specific amount of institutional custodied assets was not explicitly disclosed in the latest report, but it should still be over 50% based on the Q4 2024 report.


Visualization: ChatGPT


Once this security barrier is breached, not only could the rate of user attrition far exceed expectations, but more importantly, institutional trust in it would undermine the foundation of its business. Therefore, after a hacking event, Coinbase's stock price plummeted significantly.


CEXs are All in Self-Rescue Mode


Facing a decline in spot trading fee revenue, Coinbase is also accelerating its transformation, attempting to find growth opportunities in derivatives and emerging assets. Coinbase acquired a stake in the options platform Deribit at the end of 2024 and announced the official launch of perpetual contract products in 2025. This acquisition fills in Coinbase's gap in options trading and its relatively small global market share.



Deribit has a strong presence in non-U.S. markets, especially in Asia and Europe. The acquisition has enabled Coinbase to gain a dominant position in bitcoin and ethereum options trading on Deribit, accounting for approximately 80% of the global options trading volume, with daily trading volume remaining above $2 billion.


Meanwhile, 80-90% of Deribit's customer base consists of institutional investors, with their professionalism and liquidity in the Bitcoin and Ethereum options market highly favored by institutions. Coinbase's compliance advantage, coupled with its already robust institutional ecosystem, makes it even more suitable. By using institutions as an entry point, it can face the squeeze from giants like Binance and OKX in the derivatives market.



Facing a similar dilemma is Kraken, which is attempting to replicate Binance Futures' model in non-U.S. markets. Since the derivatives market relies more on professional users, fee rates are relatively higher and stickiness is stronger, making it a significant source of revenue for exchanges. In the first half of 2025, Kraken completed the acquisition of TradeStation Crypto and a futures exchange, aiming to build a complete derivatives trading ecosystem to hedge the risk of declining spot transaction fee income.


With the surge of Memecoin in 2024, Binance, OKX, and various CEX platforms began massively listing small-market-cap, highly volatile tokens to activate active trading users. Due to the wealth effect and trading activity of Memecoins, Coinbase was also forced to join the battle, successively listing popular tokens from the Solana ecosystem such as BOOK OF MEME and Dogwifhat. Although these coins are controversial, they are frequently traded, with fee rates several times higher than mainstream coins, serving as a "blood-boosting" method for spot trading.


However, due to its status as a publicly traded company, this practice is a riskier endeavor for Coinbase. Even in the current crypto-friendly environment, the SEC is still investigating whether tokens like SOL, ADA, and SAND constitute securities.


In addition to the forced transformation strategies carried out by the aforementioned CEXs, they are also starting to lay out RWAs and the most talked-about stablecoin payment fields, such as the PYUSD launched through a collaboration between Coinbase and Paypal, Coinbase's support for the Euro stablecoin EURC by Circle that complies with EU MiCA regulatory requirements, or the USD1 launched through a collaboration between Binance and WIFL. In the increasingly crowded trading field, many CEXs have shifted their focus from just the trading market to the application field.


The golden age of transaction fees has quietly ended, and the second half of the crypto exchange platform game has silently begun.


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