Interpreting the Current State of the Stablecoin Race: Why Has It Become So Attractive to Institutions

By: blockbeats|2025/02/24 09:45:03
Share
copy
Original Article Title: Stablecoin Playbook: Flipping Billions to Trillions
Original Article Author: Rui Shang, Medium Writer
Original Article Translation: zhouzhou, BlockBeats

Editor's Note: Stablecoins are driving a revolution in the financial system, especially demonstrating significant potential in improving payment efficiency, cross-border transactions, and the foreign exchange market. The traditional foreign exchange system faces high costs, low efficiency, and settlement risks, while blockchain-based forex, through decentralized exchanges, offers low costs, instant settlement, and transparency, significantly enhancing the efficiency of fund flows. The widespread adoption of stablecoins not only enhances the convenience of cross-border payments but also provides financial inclusion for underserved markets.

Below is the original content (slightly reorganized for better readability):

Introduction:

The younger generation is digital-native, and stablecoins are their native currency. With artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things driving billions of automated microtransactions, the global financial system needs a more adaptive currency solution. As a "currency API," stablecoins seamlessly transfer like internet data and reached a transaction volume of $45 trillion in 2024, a figure expected to grow as more institutions recognize stablecoins as an unparalleled business model—Tether profited $5.2 billion in the first half of 2024 by investing its reserves.

In the competition of stablecoins, distribution and real adoption are key, rather than complex cryptographic mechanisms. Their adoption is expanding in three key areas: the local crypto, fully banked, and unbanked worlds.

In the $29 trillion local crypto world, stablecoins serve as DeFi entry points, widely used for trading, lending, derivatives, yield farming, and RWA. Crypto-native stablecoins compete through liquidity incentives and DeFi integrations. In the over $400 trillion fully banked world, stablecoins enhance financial efficiency, primarily used for B2B, P2P, and B2C payments.

Stablecoins focus on regulation, licensing, and are distributed through banks, card networks, payments, and merchants. In the unbanked world, stablecoins provide dollar access, promoting financial inclusion. Stablecoins are used for savings, payments, forex, and yield generation, with entry strategies into grassroots markets being crucial.

Interpreting the Current State of the Stablecoin Race: Why Has It Become So Attractive to Institutions

Content Outline

Foreword:

· Native Residents of the Crypto World

· The Battle for Stablecoin Normality Peg

The Challenge of Liquidity Bootstrapping

DeFi Onramp: Trading Pairs, Lending, Derivatives, Yield, RWA

· Alien in a Fully Banked World

Dynamics of Key Players

Efficiency Drivers: B2B, P2P, C2B Payments

· Pioneer in Unbanked Worlds

Shadow Dollar Economy

Dollar Access: Savings, Payments, Forex

· Conclusion: Interwoven

Interoperability: Cross-Currency, Cross-Asset, and Cross-Chain

Opportunity Highlights and Unsolved Mysteries

Native Residents of the Crypto World

By the second quarter of 2024, stablecoins accounted for 8.2% of the entire crypto market capitalization. Maintaining peg stability remains a challenge, and unique incentive measures are key to expanding on-chain distribution, with the current core issue being the limited use cases on-chain.

Battle for Stablecoin Normality Peg

· Fiat-Backed Stablecoins Rely on Banking Relationships:

93.33% of stablecoins are fiat-backed stablecoins, offering higher stability and capital efficiency, with banks holding the ultimate redemption decision power. Regulated issuers like Paxos, able to successfully redeem billions of BUSD, have become the USD issuer for PayPal.

· CDP Stablecoins Enhance Collateral and Liquidation Mechanisms to Strengthen Peg Stability:

3.89% of stablecoins are collateralized debt position (CDP)-based stablecoins. They use cryptocurrency as collateral but face challenges in scalability and volatility. By 2024, CDPs have increased resilience by accepting a broader range of liquid and stable collateral.

Aave's GHO accepts any asset in Aave v3, while Curve's crvUSD recently added USDM (RWA). Some liquidation mechanisms have been improved, especially crvUSD's soft liquidations, utilizing its customized AMM to provide a buffer for further defaults. However, the ve-token incentive model faces challenges as the market value of crvUSD shrinks when CRV valuation drops after large-scale liquidations.

·Synthetic Dollar Maintains Stability Through Hedging:

Ethena USDe has dominated 1.67% of the stablecoin market share in a year, with a $30 billion market cap all on its own. It is a delta-neutral synthetic dollar that combats volatility by taking short positions in the derivatives market. Its funding rate is expected to perform well in the upcoming bull market, even post-"dotcom" era.

However, its heavy reliance on CEX long-term feasibility still remains questionable. With the proliferation of similar products, the impact of small funds on Ethereum may diminish. These synthetic dollars may face black swan event risks and experience low funding rates during bear markets.

·Algorithmic Stablecoins Drop to 0.56%

Liquidity Bootstrapping Challenges

Crypto stablecoins attract liquidity through yield; fundamentally, their liquidity costs include the risk-free rate and risk premium. To remain competitive, stablecoin yields must at least match the Treasury bill (T-bill) rate—we have seen stablecoin borrowing costs drop as T-bill rates hit 5.5%.

sFrax and DAI lead in T-bill exposure, and by 2024, multiple RWA projects have enhanced on-chain T-bill composability: CrvUSD collateralizes Mountain's USDM, Ondo's USDY and Ethena's USDtb are backed by BlackRock's BUIDL.

Based on the T-bill rate, stablecoins have adopted various strategies to increase risk premiums, including fixed budget incentives (e.g., DEX volume issuance, facing constraints and death spirals), user fees (tied to lending and perpetual contract trading volume), volatility arbitrage (fall on volatility decrease), and reserve utilization such as pledging or re-pledging (less appealing).

By 2024, innovative liquidity strategies are emerging:

Maximizing In-Block Revenue:
Currently, much of the revenue comes from self-consuming DeFi inflation as an incentive, but more innovative strategies are starting to emerge. By leveraging reserves as liquidity providers, projects like CAP aim to directly channel MEV and arbitrage profits to stablecoin holders, providing a sustainable and potentially more favorable source of revenue.

Compounded with T-bill Yield:
Leveraging the newfound composability of RWA projects, plans like Usual Money (USD0) offer 'theoretically' unlimited yield through their governance tokens, with T-bill yield as a benchmark—it attracted $350 million in liquidity providers (LPs) and entered the Binance Launch Pool. Agora (AUSD) is also an offshore stablecoin based on T-bill yield.

Balancing High Yield Against Volatility:
Newer stablecoins have adopted a diversified basket strategy to avoid single-source yield and volatility risks while providing balanced high yield. For example, Fortunafi's Reservoir allocates T-bills, Hilbert, Morpho, PSM together, dynamically adjusting the ratios and incorporating other high-yield assets as needed.

Is Your TVL Just a Fad?
Stablecoin yield often faces scalability issues, where fixed-budget yield may trigger an initial peak in returns but as TVL grows, returns get diluted, and the yield effect diminishes over time. Without sustainable yield or real utility provided in trading pairs and derivatives post-incentive period, maintaining its TVL could be challenging.

The Dilemma of DeFi Entrypoints

On-chain visibility allows us to examine the true nature of stablecoins: are stablecoins being used as currencies for exchange or merely financial products for yield?

Only Optimal-Interest Stablecoins Are Used as CEX Trading Pairs:
Nearly 80% of trades still occur on centralized exchanges, with top CEXs supporting their 'preferred' stablecoin (e.g., Binance using FDUSD, Coinbase using USDC). Other CEXs rely on the overflow liquidity of USDT and USDC. Furthermore, stablecoins are striving to become collateral deposits on CEXs.

Few Stablecoins Are Used as DEX Trading Pairs:
Currently, only USDT, USDC, and a small amount of DAI are used as trading pairs. Other stablecoins, such as Ethena's USDe, have 57% staked in their own protocol, purely as financial product holdings to earn yield, far from becoming a medium of exchange.

Makerdao + Curve + Morpho + Pendle, Allocation Mix:
Market preferences like Jupiter, GMX, and DYDX favor USDC as a deposit, as USDT has a more suspicious minting-redemption process. Lending platforms like Morpho and AAVE prefer USDC because of its better liquidity on Ethereum. On the other hand, PYUSD is mainly used for lending on Solana's Kamino, especially when the Solana Foundation provides incentives. Ethena's USDe is mainly used in Pendle for yield farming activities.

RWA Undervalued:
Most RWA platforms, such as BlackRock, use USDC as the minting asset, for compliance reasons, and BlackRock is also a shareholder of Circle. DAI has been successful in its RWA products.

Expand the Cake or Seek New Territories:
While stablecoins can attract major liquidity providers through incentives, they face a bottleneck—DeFi usage has been declining. Stablecoins are now in a dilemma: either they wait for the expansion of crypto-native activity or seek entirely new use cases beyond crypto.

Outsiders in a Fully Banked World

Key Players' Dynamics


Global Regulation Becomes Clearer:
99% of stablecoins are USD-backed, with ultimate federal government control. It is expected that after the Trump presidency, the U.S. regulatory framework will be clearer, as Trump promised lower interest rates and a policy to ban CBDCs, which may benefit stablecoins. A U.S. Treasury report highlights the impact of stablecoins on short-term government bond demand, with Tether holding $90 billion in U.S. debt. Crypto crime prevention and maintaining USD dominance are also motivators.

By 2024, multiple countries have developed stablecoin-related regulations based on common principles, including approving stablecoin issuance, reserve liquidity and stability requirements, restrictions on foreign stablecoin use, and generally prohibiting interest generation. Key examples include: EU's MiCA, UAE's PTSR, Hong Kong's sandbox, Singapore's MAS, Japan's PSA. It is worth noting that Bermuda has become the first country to accept stablecoin tax payments and license interest-bearing stablecoin issuers.

Licensed Issuers Gain Trust:
Stablecoin issuance requires technological prowess, cross-jurisdictional regulatory compliance, and strong management capabilities. Key players include Paxos (PYUSD, BUSD), Brale (USC), and Bridge (B2B API). Reserve management is overseen by trusted institutions like BNY Mellon, for example, USDC, securely generating yields by investing in funds managed by BlackRock. BUIDL now allows more on-chain projects to earn income.

The Bank as the Off-Ramp Gatekeeper:
While on-ramping (fiat to stablecoin) has become easier, off-ramping (stablecoin to fiat) still poses a challenge as banks find it difficult to verify the source of funds. Banks are more inclined to choose licensed exchanges like Coinbase and Kraken, which conduct KYC/KYB and have similar AML frameworks.

Although reputable banks like Standard Chartered have started accepting off-ramping, smaller banks like DBS Bank in Singapore are speeding up this process. B2B services like Bridge have consolidated off-ramp channels, managing billions in transaction volumes for high-profile clients including SpaceX and the U.S. government.

Distributors Hold the Ultimate Decision Power:
As a leader in compliant stablecoins, Circle relies on Coinbase and is now seeking global licenses and partnerships. However, with more institutions issuing their own stablecoins, this strategy may face challenges as this business model is unparalleled—Tether, with a workforce of 100, made $5.2 billion in profit from its reserves in the first half of 2024.

Banks such as JPMorgan have introduced JPM Coin for institutional transactions. Payment apps like Stripe acquiring Bridge indicate their interest in owning a stablecoin stack, not just integrating USDC. PayPal has also issued PYUSD to capture reserve earnings. Card network companies like Visa and Mastercard are testing markets by accepting stablecoins.

Efficiency Enabler

With trusted issuers, healthy bank relationships, and distributors as the foundation, stablecoins can enhance efficiency in the large-scale financial system, especially in the payments sector.

Traditional systems face efficiency and cost limitations. Internal applications or bank transfers provide instant settlement but are limited to their ecosystem. The cost of cross-bank payments is about 2.6% (70% going to the issuing bank, 20% to the acquiring bank, 10% to card networks), with settlements taking over a day. Cross-border transactions are even more expensive, around 6.25%, with settlement times of up to five days.

Stablecoin payments facilitate peer-to-peer instant settlement by eliminating intermediaries. This accelerates fund movement, reduces capital costs, and provides programmable features such as conditional automatic payments.

·B2B (Annual Transaction Volume of $120–150 Trillion): Banks are in a prime position to drive the adoption of stablecoins. In October 2023, JPM Coin, developed by JPMorgan Chase, has been used for daily transactions of around $1 billion on its Quorum chain.

·P2P (Annual Transaction Volume of $1.8–2 Trillion): E-wallets and mobile payment apps are well-positioned, with PayPal launching PYUSD, currently valued at $6.04 billion on Ethereum and Solana. PayPal allows end users to register and send PYUSD for free.

·B2C E-commerce (Annual Transaction Volume of $5.5–6 Trillion): Stablecoins need to integrate with POS systems, bank APIs, and card networks. As early as 2021, Visa became the first payment network to settle transactions using USDC.

Pioneering the "Underbanked" World, the Shadow Dollar Economy

Due to severe currency devaluation and economic instability, emerging markets have a critical need for stablecoins. In Turkey, stablecoin purchases account for 3.7% of its GDP. People and businesses are willing to pay a premium above the fiat US dollar for stablecoins, with Argentina's stablecoin premium reaching 30.5% and Nigeria at 22.1%. Stablecoins provide access to the dollar and financial inclusivity.

Tether dominates this space with a reliable 10-year track record. Even amidst complex banking relationships and redemption crises—Tether once admitted in April 2019 that USDT was only backed by 70% reserves—its stability has endured.

This is because Tether has built a robust shadow dollar economy: in emerging markets, few convert USDT back to fiat; they see it as dollars, especially prominent in Africa and Latin America, used for paying employees, bills, etc. Tether has achieved this without providing incentives through its long-standing presence and consistent utility, enhancing its credibility and acceptance. This should be the ultimate goal for every stablecoin.

Dollar Access

· Remittances: Remittance inequality hinders economic growth. Active individuals in Sub-Saharan Africa face an average remittance cost of 8.5% when sending money to low- and middle-income countries and developed nations. For businesses, high remittance costs, long processing times, bureaucracy, and exchange rate risks directly impact growth and competitiveness in the region.

·Dollarization: Currency fluctuations have caused a cost of $1.2 trillion in GDP loss for 17 developing countries from 1992 to 2022, representing 9.4% of their total GDP. Dollarization is crucial for local financial development. Many crypto projects focus on entry through the "DePIN" method, which leverages local agents to facilitate cash to stablecoin transactions in Africa, Latin America, and Pakistan.

·Forex: Today, the daily trading volume of the forex market exceeds $7.5 trillion. In the Global South, individuals often convert their local fiat into USD through the black market, mainly because the black market exchange rate is more favorable than the official channels. Binance's P2P trading has started to be adopted, but due to its order book model, it lacks flexibility. Many projects, such as ViFi, are building on-chain automated market maker forex solutions.

·Humanitarian Aid Distribution: Ukrainian war refugees can receive humanitarian aid in the form of USDC, which can be stored in a digital wallet or cashed out locally. In Venezuela, frontline healthcare workers used USDC to pay for medical supplies during the pandemic, despite facing a deepening political and economic crisis.

Conclusion: Interconnectivity

Interoperability: With the widespread adoption of stablecoins and integration of different ecosystems, interoperability becomes a core challenge and opportunity in the future development of stablecoins. Enhancing liquidity across currencies, blockchains, and monetary systems will be key to driving progress in this field.


Traditional Forex Systems are inefficient and face multiple challenges:

· Counterparty Settlement Risk (CLS has been strengthened but still cumbersome)

· Multi-bank system costs (e.g., for an Australian bank to purchase yen, six banks need to participate, and the transaction needs to go through the London USD office)

· Global settlement time zone differences (e.g., the bank systems for CAD and JPY overlap for less than five hours each day)

· Limited access to the forex market (retail users pay fees 100 times higher than large institutions)

Blockchain Forex (Onchain FX) offers significant advantages:

· Cost, efficiency, and transparency: Oracles like Redstone and Chainlink provide real-time price feeds. Decentralized exchanges offer efficient cost control and transparency, and Uniswap's Concentrated Liquidity Market Makers (CLMM) reduce trading costs to 0.15-0.25%, roughly 90% lower than traditional forex. Moving from T+2 bank settlements to instant settlement, arbitrageurs can employ various strategies to correct pricing imbalances.

· Flexibility and Accessibility: Blockchain Forex enables corporate treasurers and asset managers to access various products without the need for multiple currency-specific bank accounts. Retail users can use a crypto wallet with an embedded DEX API to obtain the best forex rates.

· Currency Jurisdiction Separation: Transactions no longer require domestic banks, allowing for the separation of currency and jurisdiction. This approach leverages digital efficiency while maintaining currency sovereignty, but it comes with pros and cons.

However, challenges still exist, including the scarcity of non-USD denominated digital assets, oracle security, support for long-tail currencies, regulatory issues, and the unified on-chain/off-chain interface. Nonetheless, blockchain forex still offers lucrative opportunities. For example, Citigroup is developing a blockchain forex solution under the guidance of the Monetary Authority of Singapore.

Stablecoin Exchange


In a world where most companies issue their own stablecoins, a challenge posed by stablecoin exchanges is how to enable using PayPal's PYUSD to pay a JP Morgan merchant. While on/off-chain bridges can address this issue, they lose the efficiency of cryptocurrency settlement. Blockchain automated market makers offer optimal real-time low-cost stablecoin-to-stablecoin trading.

For instance, Uniswap offers some of these liquidity pools with fees as low as 0.01%. However, once billions of dollars flow into blockchain, they must rely on smart contract security and must have deep enough liquidity and instant performance to support real-world activities.

Cross-chain Exchange


Main blockchains have their own advantages and disadvantages, leading to the need for stablecoins to be deployed on multiple chains. The multi-chain approach poses challenges for cross-chain transactions, and bridge technologies come with significant security risks. In my view, stablecoins should introduce their own Layer 0 protocol, such as USDC's CCTP, PYUSD's Layer 0 integration, and a similar Layer 0-like solution that USDT might introduce for redeeming bridged locked tokens.


Meanwhile, there are still some open questions:

· Will regulation harm "open finance," considering compliant stablecoins may be subject to fund surveillance, freezing, and extraction?

· Can compliant stablecoins still avoid offering returns that could be deemed securities, thereby preventing decentralized finance on-chain from benefiting from its large-scale expansion?

· Can any open blockchain handle massive funds, considering Ethereum's slow transactions, its L2 reliance on a single sequencer, Solana's imperfect uptime record, and other hyped blockchains lacking a long-term stable track record?

· Would Separating Currency and Jurisdiction Bring More Chaos or Opportunity?

The prospect of a financial revolution led by stablecoins is both exciting and full of uncertainty — a new chapter where regulation and freedom dance in a delicate balance.

Original Article Link

You may also like

a16z Leads $18M Seed Round for Catena Labs, Crypto Industry Bets on Stablecoin AI Payment

Traditional finance is still stuck in a "human-to-human" model, while Catena aims to achieve "AI-to-AI" interaction.

Never Underestimate the Significance of the US Stablecoin 'Infrastructure Bill'

Original Title: "Never Underestimate the Significance of the US Stablecoin 'Genius Act'"Original Author: 0xTodd, Partner at Nothing Research


If the US stablecoin bill, the "GENIUS Act," passes smoothly this time, its significance will be tremendous. I even think it's significant enough to enter the top five in Crypto history.



Although abbreviated as the GENIUS Act, which translates directly to the Genius Act, it is actually the Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for U.S. Stablecoins, which translates to "Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for US Dollar Stablecoins."


The proposal is lengthy, with several key points summarized for everyone:


· Mandatory 1:1 Full Asset Backing: Assets include cash, demand deposits, and short-term US Treasuries. At the same time, misappropriation and rehypothecation are strictly prohibited.


· High-Frequency Disclosure: Reserve reports must be published at least monthly, introducing external audits.


· Licensing Requirement: Once the circulating market cap of the issuer's stablecoin exceeds $100 billion, it must transition into the federal regulatory system within a specified timeframe, adopting banking-grade regulation.


· Introduction of Custody: The custodian of the stablecoin and its reserve assets must be a regulated qualified financial institution.


· Clear Definition as a Payment Medium: The bill explicitly defines stablecoin as a new type of payment medium, primarily regulated by the banking regulatory system, rather than restricted by the securities or commodities regulatory system.


· Embracing Existing Stablecoins: A maximum 18-month grace period after the bill's enactment, aimed at encouraging existing stablecoin issuers (such as USDT, USDC, etc.) to promptly obtain licenses or become compliant.


After finishing the main content, let's talk about the significance of this matter with an excited heart.


Over the years, when others asked, "After working in the Crypto industry for 16 years, what application have you created?"


In the future, you can confidently tell others—Stablecoins.


First, Clearing Concerns is a Prerequisite


Some people have held opposing views. In the past, people's impression of stablecoins was that they were an opaque black box. Every few months, there would be FUD — whether Tether's assets were frozen or Circle had a significant black hole deficit.


In fact, if you think about it, Tether easily rakes in billions of dollars a year just from the interest on those underlying government bonds. Circle, slightly less, also made a $1.7 billion profit last year.


They basically made money while standing there. From a motivational standpoint, they have no malicious intentions. In fact, they are the most eager for compliance.


Now, this opaque black box will become a transparent white box.


In the past, the only complaint was that Tether's funds might have been frozen by the United States. Now, they will be directly placed into U.S. compliant custodial institutions, with high-frequency disclosures, so you can rest assured.


【No need to worry about a rug pull】 is such a huge advantage—I think especially all Crypto people understand this.


Second, Mastering the Standard is Very Important


Stablecoins were once almost on the verge of being overtaken by CBDCs. In any country, if a central bank digital currency really exists, it is highly likely not built on a blockchain, at most it is built on some internal central bank consortium chain, which to be honest, is meaningless.


When CBDCs were at their peak, that was the most dangerous time for stablecoins.


If CBDCs had become a reality back then, stablecoins today would have been relentlessly suppressed into a dark corner, and blockchain would only be able to play a minimal role.


The remaining half-dead stablecoins would even have to learn the standards of central bank digital currencies, completely relinquishing their standard-setting power.


And now, stablecoins have won (or are about to).


Instead, everyone should learn the 【Blockchain + Token】 standard.


Nowadays, many blockchains actually have no meaningful applications on top, only stablecoin transfers. For example, with Aptos, the only scenario I use Aptos for is transfers between Binance and OKX.


And now, stablecoins will be legislated, what does that mean?


That's right, blockchain will become the only standard.


In the future, every stablecoin user will be the first to learn how to use a wallet.


As an aside, I actually think Ethereum's concerted push for EIP-7702 is quite forward-thinking. While other chains are all about memes, thank you Ethereum for sticking to account abstraction.



EIP-7702 is about Account Abstraction, which can support, for example:


· Social Account Registration Wallet

· Paying GAS with Native Coin

· And more


This paves the way for future new users to heavily use stablecoins, solving the last-mile problem.


Third, Deposit Enters a New Era


Furthermore, once stablecoins receive legislative support, deposits and withdrawals will become even easier.


Let's imagine a scenario: previously, hindered by the gray nature of stablecoins, but after the bill passes, many traditional brokerages can support stablecoins themselves. The money from a US stock investor can be converted into stablecoins in minutes and instantly deposited into Coinbase. Believe it or not.



Let's imagine another scenario: if the brilliant bill smoothly passes through the House of Representatives, next, you will see:


Due to the extremely lucrative nature of this trading, existing stablecoin leaders and newly entering traditional giants will crazily start promoting their stablecoin products.


And an outsider, due to these promotions, will start using stablecoins. And then one day, after finding out that the wallet account has been created, will explore Bitcoin inside. Is mining Bitcoin difficult?


Stablecoins are a huge Trojan horse. The moment you start using stablecoins, you unwittingly step half a foot into the Crypto world.


Fourth, Conclusion


As a large reservoir for digesting US debt, although stablecoins cannot directly absorb debt, they at least provide ammunition for the US debt secondary market. These functions are quite important, and slowly, stablecoins are becoming a part of the US debt market's body. Therefore, once the US legislation is passed and experiences the benefits, there is no turning back.


And, we are also confident that stablecoins are indeed one of the great innovations in our industry. People who have used stablecoins will find it hard to return to the traditional cash-banking system.


Once the bill is passed, users can't go back. In the future, concerns are about to be resolved, standards will be mastered, and the era of large deposits seems to be on the horizon.


Original Article Link

$COIN Joins S&P 500, but Coinbase Isn't Celebrating

On May 13, S&P Dow Jones Indices announced that Coinbase would officially replace Discover Financial Services in the S&P 500 on May 19. While other companies like Block and MicroStrategy, closely tied to Bitcoin, were already part of the S&P 500, Coinbase became the first cryptocurrency exchange whose primary business is in the index. This also signifies that cryptocurrency is gradually moving from the fringes to the mainstream in the U.S.



On the day of the announcement, Coinbase's stock price surged by 23%, surpassing the $250 mark. However, just 3 days later, Coinbase was hit by two consecutive events: a hack where employees were bribed to steal customer data and a demand for a $20 million ransom, and an investigation by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) into the authenticity of its claim of having over 100 million "verified users" in its securities filings and marketing materials. These two events acted as mini-bombs, and at the time of writing, Coinbase's stock had already dropped by over 7.3%.


Coincidentally, Discover Financial Services, being replaced by Coinbase, can also be considered the "Coinbase" of the previous payment era. Discover is a U.S.-based digital banking and payment services company headquartered in Illinois, founded in 1960. Its payment network, Discover Network, is the fourth largest payment network apart from Visa, Mastercard, and American Express.


In April, after the approval of the acquisition of Discover by the sixth-largest U.S. bank, Capital One, this well-established digital banking company of over 60 years smoothly handed over its S&P 500 "seat" to this emerging cryptocurrency "bank." This unexpected coincidence also portrayed the handover between the new and old eras in Coinbase's entry into the S&P 500, resembling a relay race scene. However, this relay baton also brought Coinbase's accumulated "external troubles and internal strife" to a tipping point.


Side Effects of ETFs


Over the past decade, cryptocurrency exchanges have been the most stable "profit machines." They play a role in providing liquidity to the entire industry and rely on trading fees to sustain their operations. However, with the comprehensive rollout of ETF products in the U.S. market, this profit model is facing unprecedented challenges. As the leader in the "American stack," with over 80% of its business coming from the U.S., Coinbase is most affected by this.



Starting from the approval of Bitcoin and Ethereum spot ETFs, traditional financial capital has significantly onboarded users and funds that originally belonged to exchanges in a more cost-effective, compliant, and transparent manner. The transaction fee revenue of cryptocurrency exchanges has started to decline, and this trend may further intensify in the coming months.


According to Coinbase's 2024 Q4 financial report, the platform's total trading revenue was $417 million, a 45% year-on-year decrease. The contribution of BTC and ETH's trading revenue dropped from 65% in the same period last year to less than 50%.


This decline is not a result of a decrease in market enthusiasm. In fact, since the approval of the Bitcoin ETF in January 2024, the inflow of BTC into the U.S. market has continued to reach new highs, with asset management giants like BlackRock and Fidelity rapidly expanding their management scale. Data shows that BlackRock's iShares Bitcoin ETF (IBIT) alone has surpassed $17 billion in assets under management. As of mid-May 2025, the cumulative net inflow of 11 major institutional Bitcoin spot ETFs on the market has exceeded $41.5 billion, with a total net asset value of $1214.69 billion, accounting for approximately 5.91% of the total Bitcoin market capitalization.


Chart showing the trend of net outflows for Grayscale among the 11 institutions


Institutional investors and some retail investors are shifting towards ETF products, partly due to compliance and tax considerations. On one hand, ETFs have much lower trading costs compared to cryptocurrency exchanges. While Coinbase's spot trading fee rate varies annually in a tiered manner but averages around 1.49%, for example, the management fee for IBIT ETF is only 0.25%, and the majority of ETF institution fees fluctuate around 0.15% to 0.25%.



In other words, the more rational users are, the more likely they are to move from exchanges to ETF products, especially for investors aiming for long-term holdings.


According to multiple sources, several institutions, including VanEck and Grayscale, have submitted applications to the SEC for a Solana (SOL) ETF, with some institutions also planning to submit an XRP ETF proposal. Once approved, this may trigger a new round of fund migration. According to a report submitted by Coinbase to the SEC, as of April, the platform's trading revenue from XRP and Solana accounted for 18% and 10%, nearly one-third of the platform's fee revenue.



However, the Bitcoin and Ethereum ETFs passed in 2024 also reduced the fees for these two tokens on Coinbase from 30% and 15% to 26% and 10%, respectively. If the SOL and XRP ETFs are approved, it will further undermine the core fee revenue of exchanges like Coinbase.


The expansion of ETF products is gradually weakening the financial intermediary status of cryptocurrency exchanges. From their original roles as matchmakers and clearers to now gradually becoming mere "on-ramps and off-ramps" for funds, exchanges are seeing their marginal value squeezed by ETFs.


Robinhood Takes a Stand, Traditional Brokerages Join the Fray


On May 12, 2025, SEC Chairman Paul S. Atkins gave a keynote speech at the Tokenization and Cryptocurrency Working Group roundtable. The theme of his speech revolved around "It is a new day at the SEC," where he indicated that the SEC would not approach enforcement and regulation the same way as before but would instead pave the way for cryptocurrency assets in the U.S. market.



With signs of cryptocurrency compliance such as the SEC's "NEW DAY" declaration, an increasing number of traditional brokerages are attempting to enter the cryptocurrency industry. One of the most representative cases is the well-known U.S. brokerage Robinhood, which began expanding its crypto business in 2018. By the time of its IPO in 2021, Robinhood's crypto business revenue accounted for over 50% of the company, with a significant boost from the Dogecoin "moonshot" promoted by Musk.


In Q1 2025 earnings report, Robinhood showcased strong growth, especially in revenue from cryptocurrency and options trading. Fueled by Trump's Memecoin, cryptocurrency-related revenue reached $250 million, nearly doubling year-over-year. Consequently, Robinhood Gold subscription users reached 3.5 million, a 90% increase from the previous year, with the rapid growth of Robinhood Gold providing the company with a stable source of income.



Meanwhile, RobinHood is actively pursuing acquisitions in the cryptocurrency space. In 2024, it announced a $2 billion acquisition of the long-standing European cryptocurrency exchange Bitstamp. Additionally, Canada's largest cryptocurrency CEX, WonderFi, which recently went public on the Toronto Stock Exchange, also announced its integration with RobinHood Crypto. After obtaining virtual asset licenses in the UK, Canada, Singapore, and other markets, RobinHood has taken a proactive approach in the compliant cryptocurrency trading market.



Furthermore, an increasing number of brokerage firms are exploring the same path. Futu Securities, Tiger Brokers, and others are also dipping their toes into cryptocurrency trading, with some having applied for or obtained the VA license from the Hong Kong SFC. Although their user bases are currently small, traditional brokerages have a natural advantage in user trust, regulatory licenses, and low fee structures. This could pose a threat to native cryptocurrency platforms in the future.



User Data Breach: Is Coinbase Still Secure?


In April 2025, security researchers discovered that some Coinbase user data was leaked on the dark web. While the platform initially responded by attributing it to a "technical misinformation," it still raised concerns among users regarding its security and privacy protection. Just two days before Dow Jones Indexes announced Coinbase's addition to the S&P 500 Index, on May 11, 2025, Coinbase received an email from an unknown threat actor claiming to have obtained customer account information and internal documents, demanding a $20 million ransom to keep the data private. Subsequent investigations confirmed the data breach.


Cybercriminals obtained the data by bribing overseas customer service agents and support staff, mainly in "non-U.S. regions such as India." These agents abused their access to Coinbase's internal customer support system and stole customer data. As early as February this year, blockchain detective ZachXBT revealed on X platform that between December 2024 and January 2025, Coinbase users lost over $65 million to social engineering scams, with the actual amount potentially higher.


Among the victims was a well-known figure, 67-year-old Ed Suman, an established artist in the art world for nearly two decades, having been involved in the creation of artworks such as Jeff Koons' "Balloon Dog" sculpture. Earlier this year, he fell victim to an impersonation scam involving fake Coinbase customer support, resulting in a loss of over $2 million in cryptocurrency. ZachXBT critiqued Coinbase for its inadequate handling of such scams, noting that other major exchanges have not faced similar issues and recommending Coinbase to enhance its security measures.


Amidst a series of ongoing social engineering incidents, although there has not been any impact on user assets at the technical level so far, it has raised concerns among many retail and institutional investors. Especially institutions holding massive assets on Coinbase. Just considering the U.S. BTC ETF institutions, as of mid-May 2025, they collectively hold nearly 840,000 BTC, and 75% of these are custodied by Coinbase. If we price BTC at $100,000, this amount reaches a staggering $63 billion, which is equivalent to the nominal GDP of two Iceland in the year 2024.


Visualization: ChatGPT, Source: Farside


In addition, Coinbase Custody also serves over 300 institutional clients, including hedge funds, family offices, pension funds, and endowments. As of the Q1 2025 financial report, Coinbase's total assets under management (including institutional and retail clients) reached $404 billion. The specific amount of institutional custodied assets was not explicitly disclosed in the latest report, but it should still be over 50% based on the Q4 2024 report.


Visualization: ChatGPT


Once this security barrier is breached, not only could the rate of user attrition far exceed expectations, but more importantly, institutional trust in it would undermine the foundation of its business. Therefore, after a hacking event, Coinbase's stock price plummeted significantly.


CEXs are All in Self-Rescue Mode


Facing a decline in spot trading fee revenue, Coinbase is also accelerating its transformation, attempting to find growth opportunities in derivatives and emerging assets. Coinbase acquired a stake in the options platform Deribit at the end of 2024 and announced the official launch of perpetual contract products in 2025. This acquisition fills in Coinbase's gap in options trading and its relatively small global market share.



Deribit has a strong presence in non-U.S. markets, especially in Asia and Europe. The acquisition has enabled Coinbase to gain a dominant position in bitcoin and ethereum options trading on Deribit, accounting for approximately 80% of the global options trading volume, with daily trading volume remaining above $2 billion.


Meanwhile, 80-90% of Deribit's customer base consists of institutional investors, with their professionalism and liquidity in the Bitcoin and Ethereum options market highly favored by institutions. Coinbase's compliance advantage, coupled with its already robust institutional ecosystem, makes it even more suitable. By using institutions as an entry point, it can face the squeeze from giants like Binance and OKX in the derivatives market.



Facing a similar dilemma is Kraken, which is attempting to replicate Binance Futures' model in non-U.S. markets. Since the derivatives market relies more on professional users, fee rates are relatively higher and stickiness is stronger, making it a significant source of revenue for exchanges. In the first half of 2025, Kraken completed the acquisition of TradeStation Crypto and a futures exchange, aiming to build a complete derivatives trading ecosystem to hedge the risk of declining spot transaction fee income.


With the surge of Memecoin in 2024, Binance, OKX, and various CEX platforms began massively listing small-market-cap, highly volatile tokens to activate active trading users. Due to the wealth effect and trading activity of Memecoins, Coinbase was also forced to join the battle, successively listing popular tokens from the Solana ecosystem such as BOOK OF MEME and Dogwifhat. Although these coins are controversial, they are frequently traded, with fee rates several times higher than mainstream coins, serving as a "blood-boosting" method for spot trading.


However, due to its status as a publicly traded company, this practice is a riskier endeavor for Coinbase. Even in the current crypto-friendly environment, the SEC is still investigating whether tokens like SOL, ADA, and SAND constitute securities.


In addition to the forced transformation strategies carried out by the aforementioned CEXs, they are also starting to lay out RWAs and the most talked-about stablecoin payment fields, such as the PYUSD launched through a collaboration between Coinbase and Paypal, Coinbase's support for the Euro stablecoin EURC by Circle that complies with EU MiCA regulatory requirements, or the USD1 launched through a collaboration between Binance and WIFL. In the increasingly crowded trading field, many CEXs have shifted their focus from just the trading market to the application field.


The golden age of transaction fees has quietly ended, and the second half of the crypto exchange platform game has silently begun.


Arthur Hayes: Why I'm Betting on ETH While the Market Is Obsessed with SOL

"I personally have also allocated 20% to gold, expecting the price of gold to potentially rise to $10,000-20,000 by the end of this market cycle."

Key Market Insights for May 16th, how much did you miss out on?

1. On-chain Flows: $111.3M inflow to Ethereum this week; $237.6M outflow from Berachain 2. Largest Price Swings: $ETHFI, $NEIRO 3. Top News: Data: Solana Network's revenue reached $7.9M on the 13th, surpassing the sum of all other L1 and L2 chains

CryptoPunks Changes Hands Twice, Did the Originator of NFTs Finally Find Its "Forever Home" This Time?

The original NFT pioneer CryptoPunks has once again officially changed ownership after being sold to the Bored Ape Yacht Club (BAYC) developer Yuga Labs.

Popular coins

Latest Crypto News

Read more