FDUSD Depegging Crisis: Justin Sun Accuses FDT of $456M Fraud, the Latter Denies Insolvency

By: blockbeats|2025/04/03 02:45:02
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Original Title: "Justin Sun Accuses FDT of $456 Million FDUSD Fraud: An In-Depth Look"
Original Author: CryptoLeo, Odaily Planet Daily

At 11:00 PM on April 2nd, TRON Foundation founder Justin Sun made a post accusing the stablecoin FDUSD issuer, First Digital Trust (FDT), of insolvency and inability to fulfill customer fund redemptions. As a result, FDUSD experienced a severe but temporary depegging, with the FDUSD/USDT pair on Binance dropping to a low of 0.87, and FDUSD/USDC momentarily falling to 0.76.

As one of the most important stablecoins on the Binance platform, FDUSD was also the entry ticket for users participating in the Binance Launchpool activity after BUSD. Many people held a certain amount in their hands. As panic spread, some users chose to sell at a discount. However, ultimately, with Binance founder Changpeng Zhao speaking out to refute the claims, the FDUSD price rebounded strongly from the bottom and eventually stabilized at 0.987 USDT.

At 5:00 AM on April 3rd, Binance officially stated that, based on the recent completed audit, the stablecoin FDUSD had achieved 1:1 reserve backing. However, users were not convinced. They redirected their anger over losses towards Binance, questioning the long announcement delay and alleging that important news was first notified in the "whale community," causing discontent in the market.

The Odaily Planet Daily has summarized the events as follows.

Justin Sun Issues Late-Night Post Accusing FDUSD Issuer First Digital Trust (FDT) of Insolvency

Justin Sun stated: "The stablecoin FDUSD issuer First Digital Trust (FDT) is actually insolvent and unable to fulfill customer fund redemption obligations. I strongly recommend that users take immediate action to protect their assets and urge regulatory bodies and law enforcement agencies to promptly address these issues to prevent further significant losses."

In the previous days, Justin Sun had been releasing messages indicating that a "major industry event" was forthcoming on April 3rd. The pre-released version seen on social media was an invitation letter from Justin Sun, hinting at an event in Hong Kong uncovering an international financial fraud case, involving traditional financial institutions in Hong Kong and Web3 platforms.

At this point, Justin Sun's actions in the past few days seem to have some connection, acting as a kind of "appetizer before the main course of industry news."

Impacted by his post, FDUSD briefly dropped below $0.9, hitting a low of $0.8726. On Binance, FDUSD/USDT dropped to a minimum of 0.87, and FDUSD/USDC momentarily fell to 0.76.

Binance's Clarification: The Lawsuit Involves TUSD, Not FDUSD

However, amidst the FUD surrounding FDUSD, a small incident occurred. Wintermute took a different approach and, through on-chain analysis by Ai Yi, it was observed that within 20 minutes of Justin Sun's post, Wintermute withdrew a total of 31.36 million FDUSD from Binance in 4 transactions, becoming the largest FDUSD holder outside of Binance, with approximately 65.46 million tokens, representing around 2.5% of the total circulation.

FDUSD Depegging Crisis: Justin Sun Accuses FDT of 56M Fraud, the Latter Denies Insolvency

Of course, Wintermute was merely arbitraging FDUSD, and its actions did not trigger a rebound in FDUSD. Users are still eagerly awaiting Binance's response. Initially, Binance's Sisi stated in a certain group that FDUSD can be redeemed 1:1 and suggested that Justin Sun's post may be related to some past issues between FDT and Justin Sun's previous projects.

Subsequently, Binance co-founder He Yi also posted on X, saying, "This event is due to Justin Sun's lawsuit with TUSD, not FDUSD."

However, many retail investors, driven by panic, sold off their FDUSD holdings, and under the words of an official Binance representative, began to slowly stabilize. Users criticized Binance for responding first in a group chat rather than issuing an official announcement. In response to this, He Yi mentioned that the Binance team is also in contact with FDUSD, and any announcements should come from them rather than Binance. Binance has conducted thorough auditing, but the core issue lies in the legal dispute between Justin Sun and FDT, which Binance is not fully clear about.

The TUSD Saga: FDT's "Misconduct" and Justin Sun's Intervention

Coindesk also promptly published an article confirming the previous dispute between Justin Sun and FDT. FDT not only serves as the issuer of FDUSD but also as the asset manager of TUSD.

The story dates back to 2020 when, in December 2020, TrueCoin handed over the management of TrueUSD to the Hong Kong-based trustee organization First Digital Trust (FDT). In subsequent court filings, it was revealed that FDT engaged in some misconduct:

1. FDT invested the stablecoin reserves in the Aria Commodity Finance Fund (Aria CFF) registered in the Cayman Islands. However, approximately $456 million was misappropriated to an unauthorized independent entity, Aria DMCC, based in Dubai (both entities being controlled by a married couple). The plaintiff alleges that the funds transferred to Aria DMCC were blatant misappropriation and money laundering, unauthorized by the plaintiff.

2. First Digital CEO Vincent Chok was accused of transferring approximately $15.5 million in undisclosed commissions to an entity named "Glass Door" and separately providing around $15 million in unauthorized trade finance loans from FDT to Aria DMCC, which were later retrospectively misclassified as legitimate fund investments.

Subsequently, FDT's CEO, Chok, denied any wrongdoing or involvement in any fraudulent scheme. He stated that FDT acted solely as a trustee intermediary, executing transactions strictly according to the instructions provided by Techteryx and its representatives, without being responsible for independently assessing or advising on these investment decisions.

Justin Sun's dispute with FDT also comes into play here. Due to FDT's "investment and misuse," when Techteryx attempted to redeem its investment from Aria CFF between mid-2022 and early 2023, it almost failed to recover the funds, with Aria-related entities facing accusations. Justin Sun intervened during this period, providing emergency liquidity support for TUSD, which was structured as a loan.

Justin Sun's primary involvement with TUSD is often seen in his actions of minting TUSD, converting it to stUSDT, and depositing it into JustLend. JustLend has been a significant use case for TUSD, allowing users to pledge TUSD for other assets. Currently, the circulating supply of TUSD exceeds 495 million, with approximately 167 million on the TRON network, ranking second in terms of proportion.

Currently, $456 million of the funds have not been returned, and Justin Sun's loan remains outstanding.

FDT Late-Night Space and FDUSD Audit Report

Returning to FDUSD, as mentioned earlier, the clarification regarding FDUSD should be done by FDT. One of FDT's accounts, First Digital, also conducted a "Statement Regarding Justin Sun's False Accusations" Space on X. FDT CEO Vincent Chok interacted with users in real-time to answer questions. After summarizing by Odaily, Vincent Chok's responses can be divided into several points:

1. Justin Sun's accusation stems from an ongoing legal case involving TUSD that has been ongoing for over two years (as mentioned in a previous CoinDesk article). I'm not sure why this matter is being brought up now. Furthermore, Hong Kong companies are all following legal and regulatory compliance;

2. We will not go bankrupt. We have third-party asset verification, which is right on the official website for everyone to check at any time. The reserve is more than sufficient and can support immediate 1:1 FDUSD redemption;

3. Our funds and client funds are completely separated. Clients have their funds in our operated FDD accounts. If we become insolvent, client fund reserves will not be affected;

4. We are a fully regulated entity. We have passed all compliance checks, such as AML and KYC, and have partnerships with banks that are very satisfied with us. I cannot control the FUD outside. But in reality, the way to sustain in this industry is to ensure full transparency for our clients and users.

After the Space ended, Odaily visited their official website to view the reserve proof. In the reserve proof announced by FDT in March, the reserve proof for February showed that as of 9:00 AM HKT on March 1, 2025 (9:00 PM ET on February 28, 2025)

FDUSD Total Circulation: 2,041,924,819.94 coins, Total Reserve Assets for FDUSD: $2,051,348,188.70, with the reserve assets consisting of:

1. Total Holding of U.S. Treasury Bills: $1,733,452,142.60 (approximately 84.5% of total)

2. Overnight Reverse Repo Agreements (Overnight Reverse Repo Agreements) Position: $33,000,000.00 USD (approximately 1.6% share)

3. Fixed Deposits Position: $145,880,000.00 USD (approximately 7.1% share)

4. Cash in U.S. Dollars Account Cash Balance: $139,016,046.10 USD (approximately 6.8% share)

In other words, if the reserve proof is completely accurate, FDUSD is redeemable at a 1:1 ratio.

Stablecoin Being Slashed Again? Sun Yige's Feud with FDT, Retail Investors Holding the Bag

Finally, Justin Sun once again issued a statement emphasizing that FDT has gone bankrupt and indicated that everything will be decided by the judicial and regulatory authorities.

As of the time of writing, Justin Sun's statements have not provided any additional significant evidence, and the court case regarding "Techteryx's lawsuit against FDT" is still ongoing. This FUD against FDUSD can be considered mostly resolved. While FDUSD has not fully restored its peg, it has gradually re-anchored above $0.98. Due to the previous UST incident, many users are very cautious about stablecoin de-pegging, with most fleeing at the first sign of FUD, and some even selling at the lowest point before the rebound.

It seems like today is April Fools' Day: FDUSD is back around $0.98, Justin Sun is still emphasizing FDT's bankruptcy, FDT litigation is ongoing, and Binance still supports FDUSD, but your money is 10% less.

As mentioned earlier, the community has many users questioning why Binance only came out on social media to clarify the FDUSD incident once FDUSD had fallen below $0.90. They believe it was to let retail investors cut losses at the bottom while allowing exchange whales to buy the dip.

In response, Heco co-founder He Yi mentioned that the official announcement of FDUSD requires a process, including verification and time. Binance's Sisi only made the judgment that FDUSD can be redeemed 1:1 after seeing some people panic selling in the group and feeling sorry for them.

According to the Hong Kong press conference by Justin Sun at 1:30 PM on April 3, there is less than 10 hours remaining. Odaily will continue to track and report on the relevant developments from the conference.

Original Article Link

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Never Underestimate the Significance of the US Stablecoin 'Infrastructure Bill'

Original Title: "Never Underestimate the Significance of the US Stablecoin 'Genius Act'"Original Author: 0xTodd, Partner at Nothing Research


If the US stablecoin bill, the "GENIUS Act," passes smoothly this time, its significance will be tremendous. I even think it's significant enough to enter the top five in Crypto history.



Although abbreviated as the GENIUS Act, which translates directly to the Genius Act, it is actually the Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for U.S. Stablecoins, which translates to "Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for US Dollar Stablecoins."


The proposal is lengthy, with several key points summarized for everyone:


· Mandatory 1:1 Full Asset Backing: Assets include cash, demand deposits, and short-term US Treasuries. At the same time, misappropriation and rehypothecation are strictly prohibited.


· High-Frequency Disclosure: Reserve reports must be published at least monthly, introducing external audits.


· Licensing Requirement: Once the circulating market cap of the issuer's stablecoin exceeds $100 billion, it must transition into the federal regulatory system within a specified timeframe, adopting banking-grade regulation.


· Introduction of Custody: The custodian of the stablecoin and its reserve assets must be a regulated qualified financial institution.


· Clear Definition as a Payment Medium: The bill explicitly defines stablecoin as a new type of payment medium, primarily regulated by the banking regulatory system, rather than restricted by the securities or commodities regulatory system.


· Embracing Existing Stablecoins: A maximum 18-month grace period after the bill's enactment, aimed at encouraging existing stablecoin issuers (such as USDT, USDC, etc.) to promptly obtain licenses or become compliant.


After finishing the main content, let's talk about the significance of this matter with an excited heart.


Over the years, when others asked, "After working in the Crypto industry for 16 years, what application have you created?"


In the future, you can confidently tell others—Stablecoins.


First, Clearing Concerns is a Prerequisite


Some people have held opposing views. In the past, people's impression of stablecoins was that they were an opaque black box. Every few months, there would be FUD — whether Tether's assets were frozen or Circle had a significant black hole deficit.


In fact, if you think about it, Tether easily rakes in billions of dollars a year just from the interest on those underlying government bonds. Circle, slightly less, also made a $1.7 billion profit last year.


They basically made money while standing there. From a motivational standpoint, they have no malicious intentions. In fact, they are the most eager for compliance.


Now, this opaque black box will become a transparent white box.


In the past, the only complaint was that Tether's funds might have been frozen by the United States. Now, they will be directly placed into U.S. compliant custodial institutions, with high-frequency disclosures, so you can rest assured.


【No need to worry about a rug pull】 is such a huge advantage—I think especially all Crypto people understand this.


Second, Mastering the Standard is Very Important


Stablecoins were once almost on the verge of being overtaken by CBDCs. In any country, if a central bank digital currency really exists, it is highly likely not built on a blockchain, at most it is built on some internal central bank consortium chain, which to be honest, is meaningless.


When CBDCs were at their peak, that was the most dangerous time for stablecoins.


If CBDCs had become a reality back then, stablecoins today would have been relentlessly suppressed into a dark corner, and blockchain would only be able to play a minimal role.


The remaining half-dead stablecoins would even have to learn the standards of central bank digital currencies, completely relinquishing their standard-setting power.


And now, stablecoins have won (or are about to).


Instead, everyone should learn the 【Blockchain + Token】 standard.


Nowadays, many blockchains actually have no meaningful applications on top, only stablecoin transfers. For example, with Aptos, the only scenario I use Aptos for is transfers between Binance and OKX.


And now, stablecoins will be legislated, what does that mean?


That's right, blockchain will become the only standard.


In the future, every stablecoin user will be the first to learn how to use a wallet.


As an aside, I actually think Ethereum's concerted push for EIP-7702 is quite forward-thinking. While other chains are all about memes, thank you Ethereum for sticking to account abstraction.



EIP-7702 is about Account Abstraction, which can support, for example:


· Social Account Registration Wallet

· Paying GAS with Native Coin

· And more


This paves the way for future new users to heavily use stablecoins, solving the last-mile problem.


Third, Deposit Enters a New Era


Furthermore, once stablecoins receive legislative support, deposits and withdrawals will become even easier.


Let's imagine a scenario: previously, hindered by the gray nature of stablecoins, but after the bill passes, many traditional brokerages can support stablecoins themselves. The money from a US stock investor can be converted into stablecoins in minutes and instantly deposited into Coinbase. Believe it or not.



Let's imagine another scenario: if the brilliant bill smoothly passes through the House of Representatives, next, you will see:


Due to the extremely lucrative nature of this trading, existing stablecoin leaders and newly entering traditional giants will crazily start promoting their stablecoin products.


And an outsider, due to these promotions, will start using stablecoins. And then one day, after finding out that the wallet account has been created, will explore Bitcoin inside. Is mining Bitcoin difficult?


Stablecoins are a huge Trojan horse. The moment you start using stablecoins, you unwittingly step half a foot into the Crypto world.


Fourth, Conclusion


As a large reservoir for digesting US debt, although stablecoins cannot directly absorb debt, they at least provide ammunition for the US debt secondary market. These functions are quite important, and slowly, stablecoins are becoming a part of the US debt market's body. Therefore, once the US legislation is passed and experiences the benefits, there is no turning back.


And, we are also confident that stablecoins are indeed one of the great innovations in our industry. People who have used stablecoins will find it hard to return to the traditional cash-banking system.


Once the bill is passed, users can't go back. In the future, concerns are about to be resolved, standards will be mastered, and the era of large deposits seems to be on the horizon.


Original Article Link

$COIN Joins S&P 500, but Coinbase Isn't Celebrating

On May 13, S&P Dow Jones Indices announced that Coinbase would officially replace Discover Financial Services in the S&P 500 on May 19. While other companies like Block and MicroStrategy, closely tied to Bitcoin, were already part of the S&P 500, Coinbase became the first cryptocurrency exchange whose primary business is in the index. This also signifies that cryptocurrency is gradually moving from the fringes to the mainstream in the U.S.



On the day of the announcement, Coinbase's stock price surged by 23%, surpassing the $250 mark. However, just 3 days later, Coinbase was hit by two consecutive events: a hack where employees were bribed to steal customer data and a demand for a $20 million ransom, and an investigation by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) into the authenticity of its claim of having over 100 million "verified users" in its securities filings and marketing materials. These two events acted as mini-bombs, and at the time of writing, Coinbase's stock had already dropped by over 7.3%.


Coincidentally, Discover Financial Services, being replaced by Coinbase, can also be considered the "Coinbase" of the previous payment era. Discover is a U.S.-based digital banking and payment services company headquartered in Illinois, founded in 1960. Its payment network, Discover Network, is the fourth largest payment network apart from Visa, Mastercard, and American Express.


In April, after the approval of the acquisition of Discover by the sixth-largest U.S. bank, Capital One, this well-established digital banking company of over 60 years smoothly handed over its S&P 500 "seat" to this emerging cryptocurrency "bank." This unexpected coincidence also portrayed the handover between the new and old eras in Coinbase's entry into the S&P 500, resembling a relay race scene. However, this relay baton also brought Coinbase's accumulated "external troubles and internal strife" to a tipping point.


Side Effects of ETFs


Over the past decade, cryptocurrency exchanges have been the most stable "profit machines." They play a role in providing liquidity to the entire industry and rely on trading fees to sustain their operations. However, with the comprehensive rollout of ETF products in the U.S. market, this profit model is facing unprecedented challenges. As the leader in the "American stack," with over 80% of its business coming from the U.S., Coinbase is most affected by this.



Starting from the approval of Bitcoin and Ethereum spot ETFs, traditional financial capital has significantly onboarded users and funds that originally belonged to exchanges in a more cost-effective, compliant, and transparent manner. The transaction fee revenue of cryptocurrency exchanges has started to decline, and this trend may further intensify in the coming months.


According to Coinbase's 2024 Q4 financial report, the platform's total trading revenue was $417 million, a 45% year-on-year decrease. The contribution of BTC and ETH's trading revenue dropped from 65% in the same period last year to less than 50%.


This decline is not a result of a decrease in market enthusiasm. In fact, since the approval of the Bitcoin ETF in January 2024, the inflow of BTC into the U.S. market has continued to reach new highs, with asset management giants like BlackRock and Fidelity rapidly expanding their management scale. Data shows that BlackRock's iShares Bitcoin ETF (IBIT) alone has surpassed $17 billion in assets under management. As of mid-May 2025, the cumulative net inflow of 11 major institutional Bitcoin spot ETFs on the market has exceeded $41.5 billion, with a total net asset value of $1214.69 billion, accounting for approximately 5.91% of the total Bitcoin market capitalization.


Chart showing the trend of net outflows for Grayscale among the 11 institutions


Institutional investors and some retail investors are shifting towards ETF products, partly due to compliance and tax considerations. On one hand, ETFs have much lower trading costs compared to cryptocurrency exchanges. While Coinbase's spot trading fee rate varies annually in a tiered manner but averages around 1.49%, for example, the management fee for IBIT ETF is only 0.25%, and the majority of ETF institution fees fluctuate around 0.15% to 0.25%.



In other words, the more rational users are, the more likely they are to move from exchanges to ETF products, especially for investors aiming for long-term holdings.


According to multiple sources, several institutions, including VanEck and Grayscale, have submitted applications to the SEC for a Solana (SOL) ETF, with some institutions also planning to submit an XRP ETF proposal. Once approved, this may trigger a new round of fund migration. According to a report submitted by Coinbase to the SEC, as of April, the platform's trading revenue from XRP and Solana accounted for 18% and 10%, nearly one-third of the platform's fee revenue.



However, the Bitcoin and Ethereum ETFs passed in 2024 also reduced the fees for these two tokens on Coinbase from 30% and 15% to 26% and 10%, respectively. If the SOL and XRP ETFs are approved, it will further undermine the core fee revenue of exchanges like Coinbase.


The expansion of ETF products is gradually weakening the financial intermediary status of cryptocurrency exchanges. From their original roles as matchmakers and clearers to now gradually becoming mere "on-ramps and off-ramps" for funds, exchanges are seeing their marginal value squeezed by ETFs.


Robinhood Takes a Stand, Traditional Brokerages Join the Fray


On May 12, 2025, SEC Chairman Paul S. Atkins gave a keynote speech at the Tokenization and Cryptocurrency Working Group roundtable. The theme of his speech revolved around "It is a new day at the SEC," where he indicated that the SEC would not approach enforcement and regulation the same way as before but would instead pave the way for cryptocurrency assets in the U.S. market.



With signs of cryptocurrency compliance such as the SEC's "NEW DAY" declaration, an increasing number of traditional brokerages are attempting to enter the cryptocurrency industry. One of the most representative cases is the well-known U.S. brokerage Robinhood, which began expanding its crypto business in 2018. By the time of its IPO in 2021, Robinhood's crypto business revenue accounted for over 50% of the company, with a significant boost from the Dogecoin "moonshot" promoted by Musk.


In Q1 2025 earnings report, Robinhood showcased strong growth, especially in revenue from cryptocurrency and options trading. Fueled by Trump's Memecoin, cryptocurrency-related revenue reached $250 million, nearly doubling year-over-year. Consequently, Robinhood Gold subscription users reached 3.5 million, a 90% increase from the previous year, with the rapid growth of Robinhood Gold providing the company with a stable source of income.



Meanwhile, RobinHood is actively pursuing acquisitions in the cryptocurrency space. In 2024, it announced a $2 billion acquisition of the long-standing European cryptocurrency exchange Bitstamp. Additionally, Canada's largest cryptocurrency CEX, WonderFi, which recently went public on the Toronto Stock Exchange, also announced its integration with RobinHood Crypto. After obtaining virtual asset licenses in the UK, Canada, Singapore, and other markets, RobinHood has taken a proactive approach in the compliant cryptocurrency trading market.



Furthermore, an increasing number of brokerage firms are exploring the same path. Futu Securities, Tiger Brokers, and others are also dipping their toes into cryptocurrency trading, with some having applied for or obtained the VA license from the Hong Kong SFC. Although their user bases are currently small, traditional brokerages have a natural advantage in user trust, regulatory licenses, and low fee structures. This could pose a threat to native cryptocurrency platforms in the future.



User Data Breach: Is Coinbase Still Secure?


In April 2025, security researchers discovered that some Coinbase user data was leaked on the dark web. While the platform initially responded by attributing it to a "technical misinformation," it still raised concerns among users regarding its security and privacy protection. Just two days before Dow Jones Indexes announced Coinbase's addition to the S&P 500 Index, on May 11, 2025, Coinbase received an email from an unknown threat actor claiming to have obtained customer account information and internal documents, demanding a $20 million ransom to keep the data private. Subsequent investigations confirmed the data breach.


Cybercriminals obtained the data by bribing overseas customer service agents and support staff, mainly in "non-U.S. regions such as India." These agents abused their access to Coinbase's internal customer support system and stole customer data. As early as February this year, blockchain detective ZachXBT revealed on X platform that between December 2024 and January 2025, Coinbase users lost over $65 million to social engineering scams, with the actual amount potentially higher.


Among the victims was a well-known figure, 67-year-old Ed Suman, an established artist in the art world for nearly two decades, having been involved in the creation of artworks such as Jeff Koons' "Balloon Dog" sculpture. Earlier this year, he fell victim to an impersonation scam involving fake Coinbase customer support, resulting in a loss of over $2 million in cryptocurrency. ZachXBT critiqued Coinbase for its inadequate handling of such scams, noting that other major exchanges have not faced similar issues and recommending Coinbase to enhance its security measures.


Amidst a series of ongoing social engineering incidents, although there has not been any impact on user assets at the technical level so far, it has raised concerns among many retail and institutional investors. Especially institutions holding massive assets on Coinbase. Just considering the U.S. BTC ETF institutions, as of mid-May 2025, they collectively hold nearly 840,000 BTC, and 75% of these are custodied by Coinbase. If we price BTC at $100,000, this amount reaches a staggering $63 billion, which is equivalent to the nominal GDP of two Iceland in the year 2024.


Visualization: ChatGPT, Source: Farside


In addition, Coinbase Custody also serves over 300 institutional clients, including hedge funds, family offices, pension funds, and endowments. As of the Q1 2025 financial report, Coinbase's total assets under management (including institutional and retail clients) reached $404 billion. The specific amount of institutional custodied assets was not explicitly disclosed in the latest report, but it should still be over 50% based on the Q4 2024 report.


Visualization: ChatGPT


Once this security barrier is breached, not only could the rate of user attrition far exceed expectations, but more importantly, institutional trust in it would undermine the foundation of its business. Therefore, after a hacking event, Coinbase's stock price plummeted significantly.


CEXs are All in Self-Rescue Mode


Facing a decline in spot trading fee revenue, Coinbase is also accelerating its transformation, attempting to find growth opportunities in derivatives and emerging assets. Coinbase acquired a stake in the options platform Deribit at the end of 2024 and announced the official launch of perpetual contract products in 2025. This acquisition fills in Coinbase's gap in options trading and its relatively small global market share.



Deribit has a strong presence in non-U.S. markets, especially in Asia and Europe. The acquisition has enabled Coinbase to gain a dominant position in bitcoin and ethereum options trading on Deribit, accounting for approximately 80% of the global options trading volume, with daily trading volume remaining above $2 billion.


Meanwhile, 80-90% of Deribit's customer base consists of institutional investors, with their professionalism and liquidity in the Bitcoin and Ethereum options market highly favored by institutions. Coinbase's compliance advantage, coupled with its already robust institutional ecosystem, makes it even more suitable. By using institutions as an entry point, it can face the squeeze from giants like Binance and OKX in the derivatives market.



Facing a similar dilemma is Kraken, which is attempting to replicate Binance Futures' model in non-U.S. markets. Since the derivatives market relies more on professional users, fee rates are relatively higher and stickiness is stronger, making it a significant source of revenue for exchanges. In the first half of 2025, Kraken completed the acquisition of TradeStation Crypto and a futures exchange, aiming to build a complete derivatives trading ecosystem to hedge the risk of declining spot transaction fee income.


With the surge of Memecoin in 2024, Binance, OKX, and various CEX platforms began massively listing small-market-cap, highly volatile tokens to activate active trading users. Due to the wealth effect and trading activity of Memecoins, Coinbase was also forced to join the battle, successively listing popular tokens from the Solana ecosystem such as BOOK OF MEME and Dogwifhat. Although these coins are controversial, they are frequently traded, with fee rates several times higher than mainstream coins, serving as a "blood-boosting" method for spot trading.


However, due to its status as a publicly traded company, this practice is a riskier endeavor for Coinbase. Even in the current crypto-friendly environment, the SEC is still investigating whether tokens like SOL, ADA, and SAND constitute securities.


In addition to the forced transformation strategies carried out by the aforementioned CEXs, they are also starting to lay out RWAs and the most talked-about stablecoin payment fields, such as the PYUSD launched through a collaboration between Coinbase and Paypal, Coinbase's support for the Euro stablecoin EURC by Circle that complies with EU MiCA regulatory requirements, or the USD1 launched through a collaboration between Binance and WIFL. In the increasingly crowded trading field, many CEXs have shifted their focus from just the trading market to the application field.


The golden age of transaction fees has quietly ended, and the second half of the crypto exchange platform game has silently begun.


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