Maybe This Is the Real Reason Why COW Surged 162% in One Month

By: blockbeats|2024/12/30 03:15:03
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CowSwap is the recently skyrocketing DeFi coin, and is also one of Vitalik's favorite DEXes, as well as a whale-exclusive on-chain platform. It is even the official DEX used by the Degen King team.

However, what many people don't know is that behind CowSwap lies a highly underestimated top incubator in the Ethereum community—Gnosis. I believe this is the true reason for the $COW's meteoric rise.

Recently, a piece of on-chain activity in the Chinese community related to the DeFi project World Liberty Financial (WLFI) associated with the Trump team has attracted market attention. Although $COW is not included in WLFI's asset list, according to on-chain analyst Ai Yi, WLFI has made several token purchases using CowSwap. This aligns with Ethereum's founder Vitalik Buterin's habit of frequently using CowSwap.

Maybe This Is the Real Reason Why COW Surged 162% in One Month

This particular on-chain behavior has directly influenced market sentiment. With the dual anticipation of Trump's imminent inauguration and the frenzy around political concept coins, $COW's price surged by 62% in just one week and spiked by 162% within a month.

The Force Behind CowSwap is Gnosis

Gnosis is the powerful force standing behind CowSwap.

The precursor to CowSwap was the Gnosis Protocol V1 launched in 2020, which was the first decentralized exchange platform to achieve circular trades through a batch auction mechanism. Its unique design enables all orders to share liquidity and settle efficiently.

By 2021, Gnosis Protocol V2 introduced an innovative settlement mechanism (Solvers), significantly enhancing order matching efficiency and effectively addressing the long-standing MEV (Miner Extractable Value) issue that has plagued DeFi traders. In the same year, Gnosis Protocol rebranded as CowSwap, becoming the aggregator we are familiar with today.

It can be said that CowSwap's rise is inseparable from the deep-rooted foundation of the Gnosis ecosystem. In fact, the story of the Gnosis ecosystem can be traced back to 2015.

Compared to the now well-known Polymarket, Gnosis co-founder Martin Koeppelmann started researching decentralized prediction markets much earlier. In 2015, he published his thoughts on the combination of MarketMaker and OrderBook on his forum, one of the earliest decentralized prediction market concepts in the industry.

Martin Koeppelmann is also one of the earliest Ethereum developers, having joined even before TheDAO era. Due to his residence in Berlin, he had close contact with Vitalik, who was working in the Berlin office at that time.

Over the years, he has participated in many discussions in the Ethereum development community, often engaging with Vitalik on topics such as L2, ZK, and the Ethereum roadmap. From Martin's social media presence, it is evident how involved he is in the community.

Based on this technical accumulation, Gnosis has gradually developed a complete ecosystem. Evolving from Gnosis Protocol to CowSwap, Martin and his team further derived products such as Gnosis Chain, Safe, and Gnosis Pay, forming a highly collaborative ecosystem.

Therefore, mutual integration is natural. One of the most representative integrations is between CowSwap and Safe.

The Preferred Wallet of the DeFi King Family

As the star product in the Gnosis suite, Safe is the most popular multisig wallet in the Ethereum ecosystem and is a wallet for whales. During this year's Safe distribution, almost all of the top 100 airdrop addresses were project teams or institutions.

In other words, the early whales of Safe were project teams, not individual users. This includes OP, Polymarket, Drukula, Worldcoin, Lido, and more. Related read: "Safe Trading Soon: Tokenomics and Ecosystem Overview"

Initially, Safe's audience was more focused on DAOs and cryptocurrency projects. However, as the crypto industry entered the next stage, traditional finance, institutional players, family offices, and old money started to enter the space. Due to the high barrier to entry in crypto and the need to protect funds while engaging in on-chain activities, the safest way is through a multi-signature wallet, with Safe being the choice.

Safe's design significantly enhances fund management security. Through a multi-signature mechanism, funds are held in a smart contract address, and a transaction can only be executed once the required number of signatures is met (e.g., 3 out of 10). This mechanism effectively reduces the risk of single points of failure. Even if a signing address's private key is compromised, an attacker would struggle to obtain enough signatures to complete a transaction. Furthermore, during the multi-signature confirmation process, the signers prior to the final confirmation do not need to pay Gas for their signing operation, as the transaction remains in a "pending" state. Only the address that confirms the final signature to execute the operation (such as a transaction or transfer) needs to pay Gas. This optimization not only lowers the usage costs but also makes Safe the optimal choice for institutional users and whales.

According to Safe Guardians who spoke to BlockBeats, the simplest way to determine if an on-chain address is a Safe wallet address is through two methods: first, by seeing the "MultiSig" label on ARKHAM, and second, by the address displaying "MultiSig: Safe" on the debank page.

Trump's project address

Vitalik's address

Most importantly, as part of the Gnosis ecosystem, the built-in DEX in Safe is CowSwap. This is why whales like Vitalik and the Trump team favor CowSwap.

From this perspective, what whales like Trump, Vitalik, and others favor might not just be because CowSwap is an MEV-resistant aggregated DEX, but also due to the synergies within the Gnosis ecosystem, delivering tailored solutions that directly address the real needs of whales.

From Incubator to Investment DAO

As mentioned earlier, the Gnosis ecosystem has been expanding since 2015. Originally a Ethereum-based prediction market platform, it later evolved into the Gnosis ecosystem, giving rise to many projects such as Gnosis Chain, Safe, CowSwap, Gnosis Pay, and more.

Gnosis Chain, a prominent Ethereum sidechain in the previous cycle, focuses on efficient and secure decentralized application development. According to DefiLlama data, as of the time of writing, Gnosis Chain has a total value locked (TVL) of $349.31M, including $71.61M in native assets and $277.7M in cross-chain bridged assets. The stablecoin market value is $119.98M, with DAI accounting for 74.07%, and the trading volume remains stable.

Gnosis Chain Data, Source: DefiLlama

On the other hand, Gnosis Pay is an on-chain payment debit card that seamlessly integrates blockchain technology to provide a convenient payment experience for users and institutions. There is also CowSwap and the multisig wallet Gnosis Safe (now known as Safe). Related read: "Gnosis Card: The First Visa Debit Card Linked to a Wallet Is Coming".

As for GnosisDAO, it is the core governance body of the Gnosis ecosystem, driving the incubation and development of innovative projects through decentralized autonomous governance. As the ecosystem's incubation flourished, GnosisDAO also ventured into investment activities.

In addition to incubating well-known projects like Safe and CowSwap, as early as 2019, GnosisDAO began its blockchain investment journey through its investment arm, GnosisVS, supporting over 60 startups.

Some of the invested projects include: Monerium, on-chain fiat infrastructure for Web3 builders; Naptha AI, a decentralized platform for AI workflows; and Schuman Financial, a MiCA-compliant stablecoin protocol.

This year, the investment arm has further expanded. In October this year, GnosisDAO approved a proposal and launched a new $40 million venture capital fund. GnosisDAO committed $20 million to the fund, while the other half of the funding came from external limited partners (LPs). This dual structure not only increased the fund's size but also created more opportunities for external collaboration.

The fund is named GnosisVC Ecosystem and will prioritize investments in projects involved in Real-World Asset (RWA) tokenization, decentralized infrastructure, and financial payment channels.

The key investment areas are focused on three aspects: 1. Real-World Asset (RWA) Tokenization: Driving the digitization and on-chain representation of traditional financial assets through blockchain technology, providing more liquidity and transparency to the global financial markets; 2. Decentralized Infrastructure: Covering a wide range from node operation to decentralized computing and storage, supporting the efficient operation of next-generation blockchain applications; 3. Payment Channels and Middleware: Around solutions like Gnosis Pay, providing seamless payment capabilities to the DeFi and Web3 ecosystem.

What Makes CowSwap Stand Out?

One could say that CowSwap's rise is more like the best embodiment of the Gnosis ecosystem's collaborative efforts, but that doesn't mean CowSwap itself hasn't created a new paradigm.

More precisely, the CoW Protocol is a decentralized trading protocol, and CowSwap is a DEX built on top of the CoW Protocol, acting as its frontend interface, where users interact with CoW Protocol through CowSwap.

As the frontend application of CoW Protocol, CowSwap further amplifies the protocol's advantages. It is referred to as the "trade assistant" of the CoW Protocol, serving as a Meta DEX aggregator that can switch between multiple AMMs and other aggregators to help users find the best price in the current market. Unlike traditional DEXs where users have to manually compare prices, CowSwap's mission is to streamline users' operations through intelligent matching and ensure transactions are completed in the most favorable manner. From this perspective, CowSwap addresses a long-standing issue for DeFi users: the frontend reliance problem.

What Is the Ultimate Goal Against MEV?

Miner Extractable Value (MEV) has long been a major issue for traders. MEV refers to the additional value extracted by miners or other traders from ordinary user transactions through manipulating transaction order or frontrunning. According to Galaxy Digital's report, on the Ethereum network alone, MEV bots have extracted as much as $3-9 billion in user value.

This is very unfriendly to whales and large traders, even Ethereum founder Vitalik Buterin himself, as he is often "sandwiched," causing significant trouble and headaches. Therefore, the MEV issue is also one of Vitalik's most concerning issues in building Ethereum, and he frequently mentions this problem in various speeches and the Ethereum roadmap.

CowSwap effectively solves this problem.

In traditional DeFi interactions, users' operations (such as asset bridging, swapping, staking, and withdrawing) directly interact with on-chain contracts. This design is not only complex but also exposes users' transaction needs, making them vulnerable to MEV frontrunning attacks. Therefore, the CoW Protocol fundamentally changes this interaction pattern by migrating users' transaction needs off-chain for processing. This solution is called "off-chain preprocessing," which also has a more familiar name known as "intentions transactions."

The intention process is essentially an off-chain preprocessing black box where users' intentions are placed in an "invisible" preprocessing center. After collecting and preprocessing users' transaction needs, CowSwap introduces third-party "Solvers" off-chain to match and process transactions. This mechanism brings multiple benefits, significantly reducing direct on-chain risks for users, optimizing protocol liquidity management, and making user transactions more efficient, secure, and private.

To be more specific, through intention narratives, the CoW Protocol has designed three core protection mechanisms against the MEV issue:

1. Unified Settlement Price Batches

 The CoW Protocol introduces the "Unified Settlement Price" mechanism. When the same token pair (such as ETH-USDC) is traded multiple times in a batch, all transactions' assets will be settled at the same market price. This mechanism makes transaction order irrelevant, fundamentally eliminating the possibility of MEV bots profiting from reordering transactions. Importantly, this mechanism also addresses the price inconsistency issue in traditional AMMs (such as Uniswap) based on the constant function market maker (CFMM) model, providing users with a fairer trading environment.

2. Delegated Transaction Execution

 User transactions are executed by trusted third-party Solvers, avoiding direct exposure to on-chain MEV risks. Solvers must ensure that transaction prices are not lower than the price signed by the user, while optimizing liquidity through off-chain matching or private market-making. This design not only reduces users' price risks but also significantly improves transaction execution efficiency.

3. Coincidence of Wants Model

 Compared to traditional Automated Market Maker (AMM) or Central Limit Order Book (CLOB) models, the CoW Protocol's strength lies in its core auction mechanism. This mechanism allows multiple trades to occur simultaneously, akin to an efficient large-scale market promotion event. In this event, whoever can find the best match stands to gain the most benefit, embodying the concept of "Coincidence of Wants (CoWs)." The name CoW Protocol is derived from this concept, cleverly spelling out the word "cow."

Related Read: "Surging Over 40% in a Single Day, What Makes CowSwap Special?"

Therefore, driven by Gnosis's ecosystem momentum and CowSwap's product innovation, CowSwap has experienced significant transaction volume on the Ethereum chain over the past 30 days.

The History Between CowSwap and Uniswap

Many are unaware that CowSwap has a history with Uniswap. Last year, the leading DEX Uniswap's release of UniswapX was embroiled in a plagiarism controversy with CowSwap.

Following the announcement of Uniswap V4, Uniswap promptly declared the upcoming release of UniswapX. However, the community was highly dissatisfied with UniswapX, sparking numerous debates. Some directly questioned, "What is the difference between UniswapX and CowSwap?" Some even jokingly remarked, "UniswapX should thank the cryptocurrency industry's open-source spirit."

Curve Finance's official account provided a straightforward assessment: "Forgive my bluntness. The rules of the game changed a long time ago: when 1inch first engaged in high-quality aggregation, when CowSwap introduced the Solvers model. UniswapX is good, but it is not a trailblazer, not even the second player." Related Read: "Half Praise, Half Critique: Is Uniswap Truly the "Tencent of the Coin Circle"?"

This public opinion pressure has posed a significant challenge to Uniswap, seemingly aiming to shed the title of "Tencent of the DEX world." Two months ago, Uniswap Labs launched Unichain, an Ethereum Layer 2 network based on the OP Stack, finally turning the tide in a "small" way.

One of the significant innovation points is that Unichain innovated on the MEV revenue distribution mechanism. Through a Trusted Execution Environment (TEE), part of the MEV revenue is directly allocated to users or liquidity providers (LP), achieving a more equitable value sharing.

Furthermore, MEV revenue is proportionally injected into the validator and user reward pools. This mechanism not only reduces LP participation risks but also encourages more users to engage in ecosystem development.

Wintermute "Walking on Rainbow Clouds" Has Arrived

It seems that CowSwap's product is excellent, but there are many ways for good products in the crypto space to "die," and few can make it to a top-tier exchange, and even fewer can achieve a 162% increase in one month.

If we rewind time back by four months, we will find that the commencement of COW's price surge coincided with the collaboration with Wintermute.

Initially, to increase on-chain liquidity, CoW DAO proposed the allocation of 10 million $COW tokens to inject liquidity into the ETH/COW market. This proposal included an innovative strategy: part of the $COW tokens would be converted to ETH and together with the remaining $COW, injected into a brand-new Function Maximizing AMM (FM-AMM) liquidity pool. Unlike traditional AMMs, FM-AMM can effectively eliminate most MEV attacks and arbitrageurs' high profits while reducing risks for liquidity providers (LP).

However, on-chain liquidity alone was insufficient to meet market demand, and deep markets on centralized exchanges were also essential. After all, those markets are larger, and there is more money there. At that time, the only way to acquire $COW was through decentralized channels, with the largest pool being the ETH/COW pair on Balancer on the Ethereum mainnet. In the absence of a CEX trading scenario, many users and institutions were unable to acquire $COW.

At this point, Wintermute "walking on rainbow clouds" arrived.

Wintermute has proposed to borrow 7.5 million COW tokens from the CoW DAO treasury to support liquidity on both decentralized and centralized exchanges. This proposal has received strong community support and has officially ushered in a new chapter for $COW liquidity.

As a leading market maker in the crypto industry, Wintermute excels at efficiently bridging markets between centralized and decentralized exchanges. Its founding team has previous experience at the traditional finance giant Optiver, bringing with them a wealth of market depth management expertise.

Over the past few months of collaboration, Wintermute has provided deep market support for COW against ETH and other trading pairs, ensuring liquidity and maintaining a stable trading environment for DeFi aggregators such as CowSwap, UniswapX, and 1inch. Additionally, Wintermute has offered significant OTC trading support to institutions, further expanding the user base of $COW.

This dual-sided market-making effort has directly contributed to the skyrocketing price of $COW.

Even in Wintermute's second month of market-making, Coinbase announced the inclusion of $COW in its listing roadmap, with COW perpetual contracts launching three months later. Subsequently, $COW began listing on major exchanges one after another, with Binance swiftly following suit by listing the COW/USDT spot trading pair.

These are what I believe to be the true reasons behind $COW's staggering 162% surge in a month.

The Flywheel Effect Between the Gnosis Ecosystem and Ethereum

Looking at a broader blockchain perspective, during a bull market, Solana's ecosystem has seen rapid growth while Ethereum has shown signs of fatigue. Yet, in terms of the on-chain dynamics of the Trump team's WLFI project, Solana still has significant room to grow in serving institutional whales, as its performance in multi-sign products cannot match Ethereum's deep-rooted foundation.

While Solana's chain also hosts multi-sign products, the assets being held are not in the same league.

For instance, taking the most asset-managed multi-sign protocol Squads on Solana, its managed funds currently amount to around $170 million. In contrast, the Gnosis ecosystem's Safe holds assets in multi-sign wallets totaling a whopping $89 billion.

More importantly, the Gnosis ecosystem's products are not only impressive in scale, but also, through collaboration and deep integration, have formed a powerful ecosystem that can serve institutions and large holders. The security of Safe, the efficiency of CowSwap, and the convenience of Gnosis Pay together have helped Ethereum "fight tooth and nail" in this round of blockchain competition.

What's even more important is that, under project collaboration, the products in the Gnosis ecosystem have already formed a solid ecosystem to serve institutions and large holders, helping Ethereum "fight tooth and nail" in this round of blockchain race.

It is this synergy that has built the flywheel effect between the Gnosis ecosystem and Ethereum.

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Never Underestimate the Significance of the US Stablecoin 'Infrastructure Bill'

Original Title: "Never Underestimate the Significance of the US Stablecoin 'Genius Act'"Original Author: 0xTodd, Partner at Nothing Research


If the US stablecoin bill, the "GENIUS Act," passes smoothly this time, its significance will be tremendous. I even think it's significant enough to enter the top five in Crypto history.



Although abbreviated as the GENIUS Act, which translates directly to the Genius Act, it is actually the Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for U.S. Stablecoins, which translates to "Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for US Dollar Stablecoins."


The proposal is lengthy, with several key points summarized for everyone:


· Mandatory 1:1 Full Asset Backing: Assets include cash, demand deposits, and short-term US Treasuries. At the same time, misappropriation and rehypothecation are strictly prohibited.


· High-Frequency Disclosure: Reserve reports must be published at least monthly, introducing external audits.


· Licensing Requirement: Once the circulating market cap of the issuer's stablecoin exceeds $100 billion, it must transition into the federal regulatory system within a specified timeframe, adopting banking-grade regulation.


· Introduction of Custody: The custodian of the stablecoin and its reserve assets must be a regulated qualified financial institution.


· Clear Definition as a Payment Medium: The bill explicitly defines stablecoin as a new type of payment medium, primarily regulated by the banking regulatory system, rather than restricted by the securities or commodities regulatory system.


· Embracing Existing Stablecoins: A maximum 18-month grace period after the bill's enactment, aimed at encouraging existing stablecoin issuers (such as USDT, USDC, etc.) to promptly obtain licenses or become compliant.


After finishing the main content, let's talk about the significance of this matter with an excited heart.


Over the years, when others asked, "After working in the Crypto industry for 16 years, what application have you created?"


In the future, you can confidently tell others—Stablecoins.


First, Clearing Concerns is a Prerequisite


Some people have held opposing views. In the past, people's impression of stablecoins was that they were an opaque black box. Every few months, there would be FUD — whether Tether's assets were frozen or Circle had a significant black hole deficit.


In fact, if you think about it, Tether easily rakes in billions of dollars a year just from the interest on those underlying government bonds. Circle, slightly less, also made a $1.7 billion profit last year.


They basically made money while standing there. From a motivational standpoint, they have no malicious intentions. In fact, they are the most eager for compliance.


Now, this opaque black box will become a transparent white box.


In the past, the only complaint was that Tether's funds might have been frozen by the United States. Now, they will be directly placed into U.S. compliant custodial institutions, with high-frequency disclosures, so you can rest assured.


【No need to worry about a rug pull】 is such a huge advantage—I think especially all Crypto people understand this.


Second, Mastering the Standard is Very Important


Stablecoins were once almost on the verge of being overtaken by CBDCs. In any country, if a central bank digital currency really exists, it is highly likely not built on a blockchain, at most it is built on some internal central bank consortium chain, which to be honest, is meaningless.


When CBDCs were at their peak, that was the most dangerous time for stablecoins.


If CBDCs had become a reality back then, stablecoins today would have been relentlessly suppressed into a dark corner, and blockchain would only be able to play a minimal role.


The remaining half-dead stablecoins would even have to learn the standards of central bank digital currencies, completely relinquishing their standard-setting power.


And now, stablecoins have won (or are about to).


Instead, everyone should learn the 【Blockchain + Token】 standard.


Nowadays, many blockchains actually have no meaningful applications on top, only stablecoin transfers. For example, with Aptos, the only scenario I use Aptos for is transfers between Binance and OKX.


And now, stablecoins will be legislated, what does that mean?


That's right, blockchain will become the only standard.


In the future, every stablecoin user will be the first to learn how to use a wallet.


As an aside, I actually think Ethereum's concerted push for EIP-7702 is quite forward-thinking. While other chains are all about memes, thank you Ethereum for sticking to account abstraction.



EIP-7702 is about Account Abstraction, which can support, for example:


· Social Account Registration Wallet

· Paying GAS with Native Coin

· And more


This paves the way for future new users to heavily use stablecoins, solving the last-mile problem.


Third, Deposit Enters a New Era


Furthermore, once stablecoins receive legislative support, deposits and withdrawals will become even easier.


Let's imagine a scenario: previously, hindered by the gray nature of stablecoins, but after the bill passes, many traditional brokerages can support stablecoins themselves. The money from a US stock investor can be converted into stablecoins in minutes and instantly deposited into Coinbase. Believe it or not.



Let's imagine another scenario: if the brilliant bill smoothly passes through the House of Representatives, next, you will see:


Due to the extremely lucrative nature of this trading, existing stablecoin leaders and newly entering traditional giants will crazily start promoting their stablecoin products.


And an outsider, due to these promotions, will start using stablecoins. And then one day, after finding out that the wallet account has been created, will explore Bitcoin inside. Is mining Bitcoin difficult?


Stablecoins are a huge Trojan horse. The moment you start using stablecoins, you unwittingly step half a foot into the Crypto world.


Fourth, Conclusion


As a large reservoir for digesting US debt, although stablecoins cannot directly absorb debt, they at least provide ammunition for the US debt secondary market. These functions are quite important, and slowly, stablecoins are becoming a part of the US debt market's body. Therefore, once the US legislation is passed and experiences the benefits, there is no turning back.


And, we are also confident that stablecoins are indeed one of the great innovations in our industry. People who have used stablecoins will find it hard to return to the traditional cash-banking system.


Once the bill is passed, users can't go back. In the future, concerns are about to be resolved, standards will be mastered, and the era of large deposits seems to be on the horizon.


Original Article Link

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$COIN Joins S&P 500, but Coinbase Isn't Celebrating

On May 13, S&P Dow Jones Indices announced that Coinbase would officially replace Discover Financial Services in the S&P 500 on May 19. While other companies like Block and MicroStrategy, closely tied to Bitcoin, were already part of the S&P 500, Coinbase became the first cryptocurrency exchange whose primary business is in the index. This also signifies that cryptocurrency is gradually moving from the fringes to the mainstream in the U.S.



On the day of the announcement, Coinbase's stock price surged by 23%, surpassing the $250 mark. However, just 3 days later, Coinbase was hit by two consecutive events: a hack where employees were bribed to steal customer data and a demand for a $20 million ransom, and an investigation by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) into the authenticity of its claim of having over 100 million "verified users" in its securities filings and marketing materials. These two events acted as mini-bombs, and at the time of writing, Coinbase's stock had already dropped by over 7.3%.


Coincidentally, Discover Financial Services, being replaced by Coinbase, can also be considered the "Coinbase" of the previous payment era. Discover is a U.S.-based digital banking and payment services company headquartered in Illinois, founded in 1960. Its payment network, Discover Network, is the fourth largest payment network apart from Visa, Mastercard, and American Express.


In April, after the approval of the acquisition of Discover by the sixth-largest U.S. bank, Capital One, this well-established digital banking company of over 60 years smoothly handed over its S&P 500 "seat" to this emerging cryptocurrency "bank." This unexpected coincidence also portrayed the handover between the new and old eras in Coinbase's entry into the S&P 500, resembling a relay race scene. However, this relay baton also brought Coinbase's accumulated "external troubles and internal strife" to a tipping point.


Side Effects of ETFs


Over the past decade, cryptocurrency exchanges have been the most stable "profit machines." They play a role in providing liquidity to the entire industry and rely on trading fees to sustain their operations. However, with the comprehensive rollout of ETF products in the U.S. market, this profit model is facing unprecedented challenges. As the leader in the "American stack," with over 80% of its business coming from the U.S., Coinbase is most affected by this.



Starting from the approval of Bitcoin and Ethereum spot ETFs, traditional financial capital has significantly onboarded users and funds that originally belonged to exchanges in a more cost-effective, compliant, and transparent manner. The transaction fee revenue of cryptocurrency exchanges has started to decline, and this trend may further intensify in the coming months.


According to Coinbase's 2024 Q4 financial report, the platform's total trading revenue was $417 million, a 45% year-on-year decrease. The contribution of BTC and ETH's trading revenue dropped from 65% in the same period last year to less than 50%.


This decline is not a result of a decrease in market enthusiasm. In fact, since the approval of the Bitcoin ETF in January 2024, the inflow of BTC into the U.S. market has continued to reach new highs, with asset management giants like BlackRock and Fidelity rapidly expanding their management scale. Data shows that BlackRock's iShares Bitcoin ETF (IBIT) alone has surpassed $17 billion in assets under management. As of mid-May 2025, the cumulative net inflow of 11 major institutional Bitcoin spot ETFs on the market has exceeded $41.5 billion, with a total net asset value of $1214.69 billion, accounting for approximately 5.91% of the total Bitcoin market capitalization.


Chart showing the trend of net outflows for Grayscale among the 11 institutions


Institutional investors and some retail investors are shifting towards ETF products, partly due to compliance and tax considerations. On one hand, ETFs have much lower trading costs compared to cryptocurrency exchanges. While Coinbase's spot trading fee rate varies annually in a tiered manner but averages around 1.49%, for example, the management fee for IBIT ETF is only 0.25%, and the majority of ETF institution fees fluctuate around 0.15% to 0.25%.



In other words, the more rational users are, the more likely they are to move from exchanges to ETF products, especially for investors aiming for long-term holdings.


According to multiple sources, several institutions, including VanEck and Grayscale, have submitted applications to the SEC for a Solana (SOL) ETF, with some institutions also planning to submit an XRP ETF proposal. Once approved, this may trigger a new round of fund migration. According to a report submitted by Coinbase to the SEC, as of April, the platform's trading revenue from XRP and Solana accounted for 18% and 10%, nearly one-third of the platform's fee revenue.



However, the Bitcoin and Ethereum ETFs passed in 2024 also reduced the fees for these two tokens on Coinbase from 30% and 15% to 26% and 10%, respectively. If the SOL and XRP ETFs are approved, it will further undermine the core fee revenue of exchanges like Coinbase.


The expansion of ETF products is gradually weakening the financial intermediary status of cryptocurrency exchanges. From their original roles as matchmakers and clearers to now gradually becoming mere "on-ramps and off-ramps" for funds, exchanges are seeing their marginal value squeezed by ETFs.


Robinhood Takes a Stand, Traditional Brokerages Join the Fray


On May 12, 2025, SEC Chairman Paul S. Atkins gave a keynote speech at the Tokenization and Cryptocurrency Working Group roundtable. The theme of his speech revolved around "It is a new day at the SEC," where he indicated that the SEC would not approach enforcement and regulation the same way as before but would instead pave the way for cryptocurrency assets in the U.S. market.



With signs of cryptocurrency compliance such as the SEC's "NEW DAY" declaration, an increasing number of traditional brokerages are attempting to enter the cryptocurrency industry. One of the most representative cases is the well-known U.S. brokerage Robinhood, which began expanding its crypto business in 2018. By the time of its IPO in 2021, Robinhood's crypto business revenue accounted for over 50% of the company, with a significant boost from the Dogecoin "moonshot" promoted by Musk.


In Q1 2025 earnings report, Robinhood showcased strong growth, especially in revenue from cryptocurrency and options trading. Fueled by Trump's Memecoin, cryptocurrency-related revenue reached $250 million, nearly doubling year-over-year. Consequently, Robinhood Gold subscription users reached 3.5 million, a 90% increase from the previous year, with the rapid growth of Robinhood Gold providing the company with a stable source of income.



Meanwhile, RobinHood is actively pursuing acquisitions in the cryptocurrency space. In 2024, it announced a $2 billion acquisition of the long-standing European cryptocurrency exchange Bitstamp. Additionally, Canada's largest cryptocurrency CEX, WonderFi, which recently went public on the Toronto Stock Exchange, also announced its integration with RobinHood Crypto. After obtaining virtual asset licenses in the UK, Canada, Singapore, and other markets, RobinHood has taken a proactive approach in the compliant cryptocurrency trading market.



Furthermore, an increasing number of brokerage firms are exploring the same path. Futu Securities, Tiger Brokers, and others are also dipping their toes into cryptocurrency trading, with some having applied for or obtained the VA license from the Hong Kong SFC. Although their user bases are currently small, traditional brokerages have a natural advantage in user trust, regulatory licenses, and low fee structures. This could pose a threat to native cryptocurrency platforms in the future.



User Data Breach: Is Coinbase Still Secure?


In April 2025, security researchers discovered that some Coinbase user data was leaked on the dark web. While the platform initially responded by attributing it to a "technical misinformation," it still raised concerns among users regarding its security and privacy protection. Just two days before Dow Jones Indexes announced Coinbase's addition to the S&P 500 Index, on May 11, 2025, Coinbase received an email from an unknown threat actor claiming to have obtained customer account information and internal documents, demanding a $20 million ransom to keep the data private. Subsequent investigations confirmed the data breach.


Cybercriminals obtained the data by bribing overseas customer service agents and support staff, mainly in "non-U.S. regions such as India." These agents abused their access to Coinbase's internal customer support system and stole customer data. As early as February this year, blockchain detective ZachXBT revealed on X platform that between December 2024 and January 2025, Coinbase users lost over $65 million to social engineering scams, with the actual amount potentially higher.


Among the victims was a well-known figure, 67-year-old Ed Suman, an established artist in the art world for nearly two decades, having been involved in the creation of artworks such as Jeff Koons' "Balloon Dog" sculpture. Earlier this year, he fell victim to an impersonation scam involving fake Coinbase customer support, resulting in a loss of over $2 million in cryptocurrency. ZachXBT critiqued Coinbase for its inadequate handling of such scams, noting that other major exchanges have not faced similar issues and recommending Coinbase to enhance its security measures.


Amidst a series of ongoing social engineering incidents, although there has not been any impact on user assets at the technical level so far, it has raised concerns among many retail and institutional investors. Especially institutions holding massive assets on Coinbase. Just considering the U.S. BTC ETF institutions, as of mid-May 2025, they collectively hold nearly 840,000 BTC, and 75% of these are custodied by Coinbase. If we price BTC at $100,000, this amount reaches a staggering $63 billion, which is equivalent to the nominal GDP of two Iceland in the year 2024.


Visualization: ChatGPT, Source: Farside


In addition, Coinbase Custody also serves over 300 institutional clients, including hedge funds, family offices, pension funds, and endowments. As of the Q1 2025 financial report, Coinbase's total assets under management (including institutional and retail clients) reached $404 billion. The specific amount of institutional custodied assets was not explicitly disclosed in the latest report, but it should still be over 50% based on the Q4 2024 report.


Visualization: ChatGPT


Once this security barrier is breached, not only could the rate of user attrition far exceed expectations, but more importantly, institutional trust in it would undermine the foundation of its business. Therefore, after a hacking event, Coinbase's stock price plummeted significantly.


CEXs are All in Self-Rescue Mode


Facing a decline in spot trading fee revenue, Coinbase is also accelerating its transformation, attempting to find growth opportunities in derivatives and emerging assets. Coinbase acquired a stake in the options platform Deribit at the end of 2024 and announced the official launch of perpetual contract products in 2025. This acquisition fills in Coinbase's gap in options trading and its relatively small global market share.



Deribit has a strong presence in non-U.S. markets, especially in Asia and Europe. The acquisition has enabled Coinbase to gain a dominant position in bitcoin and ethereum options trading on Deribit, accounting for approximately 80% of the global options trading volume, with daily trading volume remaining above $2 billion.


Meanwhile, 80-90% of Deribit's customer base consists of institutional investors, with their professionalism and liquidity in the Bitcoin and Ethereum options market highly favored by institutions. Coinbase's compliance advantage, coupled with its already robust institutional ecosystem, makes it even more suitable. By using institutions as an entry point, it can face the squeeze from giants like Binance and OKX in the derivatives market.



Facing a similar dilemma is Kraken, which is attempting to replicate Binance Futures' model in non-U.S. markets. Since the derivatives market relies more on professional users, fee rates are relatively higher and stickiness is stronger, making it a significant source of revenue for exchanges. In the first half of 2025, Kraken completed the acquisition of TradeStation Crypto and a futures exchange, aiming to build a complete derivatives trading ecosystem to hedge the risk of declining spot transaction fee income.


With the surge of Memecoin in 2024, Binance, OKX, and various CEX platforms began massively listing small-market-cap, highly volatile tokens to activate active trading users. Due to the wealth effect and trading activity of Memecoins, Coinbase was also forced to join the battle, successively listing popular tokens from the Solana ecosystem such as BOOK OF MEME and Dogwifhat. Although these coins are controversial, they are frequently traded, with fee rates several times higher than mainstream coins, serving as a "blood-boosting" method for spot trading.


However, due to its status as a publicly traded company, this practice is a riskier endeavor for Coinbase. Even in the current crypto-friendly environment, the SEC is still investigating whether tokens like SOL, ADA, and SAND constitute securities.


In addition to the forced transformation strategies carried out by the aforementioned CEXs, they are also starting to lay out RWAs and the most talked-about stablecoin payment fields, such as the PYUSD launched through a collaboration between Coinbase and Paypal, Coinbase's support for the Euro stablecoin EURC by Circle that complies with EU MiCA regulatory requirements, or the USD1 launched through a collaboration between Binance and WIFL. In the increasingly crowded trading field, many CEXs have shifted their focus from just the trading market to the application field.


The golden age of transaction fees has quietly ended, and the second half of the crypto exchange platform game has silently begun.


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