Node Operator Issues Open Letter of Concern as Hyperliquid's Centralized API Sparks Controversy

By: blockbeats|2025/01/08 11:00:01
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Original Article Title: A Letter To The Hyperliquid Core Team
Original Article Author: Kam Benbrik, Researcher @Chorus One
Article Translation: Ashley, BlockBeats

Editor's Note: Node operator Chorus One has detailed multiple issues with the Hyperliquid testnet in an open letter to the X platform, including frequent node shutdowns, operational difficulties due to closed-source code, and risks of centralization due to a single point of failure in the API. They have proposed various improvement suggestions aimed at increasing the chain's transparency and decentralization. In response to these concerns, Hyperliquid founder Jeff has replied, emphasizing that the validator selection criteria have been outlined in an announcement; the official Hyperliquid account has also posted a separate article on the X platform, addressing the issues raised in the letter and stating that node code will be open-sourced under secure conditions.

The following is the original content (lightly edited for readability):

The following letter is from Chorus One to the @HyperliquidX engineering team, hoping the team can take the time to review this feedback on Hyperliquid chain management.

TL;DR

· Due to closed-source code, lack of documentation, and reliance on a centralized API, validators face significant challenges, leading to frequent node jailing and unstable performance.

· The testnet incentive mechanism has resulted in black market trading of the HYPE token, favoring transactions with large holders rather than fair validator selection.

· Low returns for validators on the mainnet fail to cover the high self-staking requirements, limiting decentralization as 81% of stake is controlled by foundation nodes.

· To compete with major layer 1s, Hyperliquid must enhance transparency, decentralize stake delegation, implement a fair validator selection mechanism, and engage more with external validators.

I've been involved with Hyperliquid since December 2023 and find the application to be outstanding. It is user-friendly, with excellent user experience, and offers some unique features not found elsewhere, such as Vaults and the renowned HLP. Currently, HLP manages over $3.5 billion in funds and allows anyone to passively participate in Hyperliquid.

Upon seeing the platform's excellent performance and learning that Hyperliquid operates independently as a layer 1, I would like Chorus One to participate as an operator on the Hyperliquid chain. I am an employee from Chorus One, one of the largest node operators in the industry. Since 2018, Chorus One has been active in the Proof of Stake industry. We have collaborated with many outstanding teams, contributed to the development of various blockchain designs and consensus algorithms, and played key roles in some of the earliest Proof of Stake chains such as Tezos and Cosmos Hub. Currently, Chorus One manages over 50 blockchains, with a total staked asset value exceeding $3 billion, and has been collaborating with all major Proof of Stake blockchains since the early stages.

After being whitelisted on October 17, Chorus One joined the Hyperliquid testnet. I would like to share our overall experience on the testnet with the Hyperliquid engineering team, as even after almost 3 months of running on the testnet, we have not had the opportunity to interact with the team. During this time, we witnessed one of the most successful token launches of 2024—the HYPE token. At the same time, we experienced a testnet environment that was both fun and challenging. I would like to mention some key observations in the hope that they will be considered in the coming days, weeks, or months.

Testnet Experience

The experience on the testnet has been quite challenging so far. Node operators have almost no information on how to run a node, with very limited resources available for reference.

Frequent Node Shutdowns with Unclear Reasons

Initially, we were shut down multiple times without understanding the reasons. Due to the closed-source nature of the code, we could not properly assess why the shutdowns were happening. The only way was to communicate with other validators on Discord and speculate together on possible reasons. After talking to several validators, we learned that other validators were also repeatedly shut down, and they were not entirely clear about the reasons either.

Node Location Issue

Later, we found that the shutdown issue might be because our node was not deployed in Tokyo. Moving the node to Tokyo might be helpful. Unfortunately, the team never explicitly communicated this to us, and we only discovered it after facing issues multiple times.

After moving the node to Tokyo, the situation improved. This might be because many high-stake testnet nodes are also deployed in Tokyo, allowing our node to catch up slightly and reduce missed blocks. However, even after the migration, we still face shutdown issues, and the specific reasons remain unclear. This lack of understanding is primarily due to the closed-source nature of the code.

Dependency on Automatic Unjail Scripts

We acknowledge that maintaining a good uptime on the Hyperliquid testnet relies on the speed of scripts automatically unjailing nodes. The only way to improve uptime is by relying on fast automatic unjailing scripts. Validators cannot fully understand or address potential issues and can only unjail their nodes blindly in situations they do not comprehend.

Centralized Hyperliquid API as a Single Point of Failure

There have been occasions where our unjailing attempts have failed due to the Hyperliquid API being down. Since validators must send requests to the Hyperliquid server to unjail, they are left unable to unjail on their own when the API is down.

The team might already be aware of this, but this design needs to be reconsidered as it centralizes the API as a critical point of failure in the network. If the goal is to build a Byzantine Fault Tolerant system, then no node should have special privileges, such as relying on a centralized API.

Validator Selection on Mainnet

Hyperliquid recently went through a decentralization process for its validator set and chose approximately 16 validators. Previously, there were 4 validators managed by the core team that faced significant criticism. Hyperliquid recently took a significant step by expanding the validator set from 4 to 16.

Regarding the validator selection, the 4 validators were announced in the following Discord post:

Node Operator Issues Open Letter of Concern as Hyperliquid's Centralized API Sparks Controversy

These validators are Validao, Bharvest, Hypurrstake, and Prrposefulnode. These validators were selected based on maintaining over 90% uptime in the past 7 or 30 days.

This is a significant achievement on many fronts, mainly because validator performance is still influenced by external factors such as Hyperliquid API downtime, unjailing issues, and continuous crashes of the binary files, all of which have a non-negligible impact on performance.

In addition to the 4 validators selected based on the testnet performance, 5 validators from the Hyperliquid Foundation are also running on the mainnet. Furthermore, 7 additional validators have been chosen to participate in the mainnet, but the reasons for their selection have not been publicly disclosed.

Subsequently, a black market for HYPE Testnet tokens emerged.

The Hyperliquid Testnet initially had a set of 50 validators. Initially, specific entities were whitelisted to join the Testnet, but as of December 12, the validator set became fully open.

The conditions were simple: you needed 10,000 HYPE Testnet tokens to register as a validator. However, to become an active validator, you also needed to be in the top 50, or else validators would remain inactive.

This decision led to a surge in the price of HYPE Testnet tokens. The price initially rose to over 3,000 simulated USDC, and a few days later, it even exceeded 28,000 simulated USDC. At the time of writing, the price is approximately 700 simulated USDC per token.

Unfortunately, the faucet only distributes 100 simulated USDC every 4 hours. To be among the top 50 validators on the Testnet currently requires over 528,747 HYPE Testnet tokens. Assuming a price of 700 simulated USDC per token and relying solely on the faucet, the calculation is as follows:

Days = (528,747 × 700) ÷ (100 × 6) = 616,871.5 days

This means that relying solely on the faucet would take approximately 616,871.5 days, or 1,690 years, to accumulate enough HYPE Testnet tokens to become an active validator on Hyperliquid.

However, those who received a HYPE airdrop on the mainnet also received the same amount of tokens on the Testnet. This provided an opportunity for validators to collaborate with these community members by staking Testnet HYPE tokens, enabling validators to ensure entry into the active set.

Simultaneously, this situation also offered another perspective for those holding Testnet HYPE tokens. Given the competitive nature of joining the Testnet validator set, many validators were eager to acquire as many HYPE Testnet tokens as possible. Consequently, a black market emerged, where whales holding a significant amount of Testnet HYPE tokens began selling their Testnet tokens to validators in exchange for mainnet USDC.

I have never seen such a chaotic situation before. Although the Hyperliquid team clearly does not endorse these practices, they are fully capable of addressing this issue. One potential solution is to implement a proper testnet validator selection process.

In most other PoS networks, the core team usually shares a form that any validator can fill out to express their willingness to run the chain. The team would then review these applications based on various criteria, such as the validator's node operation experience, past contributions, community involvement, or other factors.

This group of pre-selected validators can then participate in the testnet, closely collaborate with the engineering team, provide feedback, and ensure everything runs smoothly. We have tried multiple times to provide feedback, but so far have not been successful.

Mainnet and Decentralization

As mentioned earlier, the current validator set of the Hyperliquid mainnet consists of 16 validators, which can be viewed at the following URL: https://app.hyperliquid.xyz/staking

· 5 validators are from the Hyperliquid Foundation.

· 4 validators were selected based on their performance on the testnet, maintaining over 90% uptime in the last 7 days.

· 7 validators were self-selected by the Hyperliquid team.

Out of the staked 404,495,250 HYPE tokens, approximately 329,578,724 HYPE tokens are staked on Foundation nodes, accounting for approximately 81.4% of the total stake. We know very little about HyperBFT, but assuming it operates as a Byzantine Fault Tolerant system, the core assumption of most BFT systems is that no more than 33% of the voting power behaves maliciously. If a single entity controls 1/3 of the stake, they can halt the chain. If they control 2/3 of the stake, they have full control of the network.

The Hyperliquid Foundation initially staked 60 million HYPE tokens on each Foundation node. However, many HYPE holders also chose to stake on Foundation nodes, which is not ideal for decentralization. The team should engage more with the community to encourage a more decentralized staking distribution.

There are three potential solutions:

· Educate the community on the importance of staking with external validators to enhance chain security and decentralization.

· Implement a 100% commission rate for foundation nodes to incentivize users to stake with external validators and promote decentralization.

· Reallocate foundation staking to external validators, which is a common practice in many chains.

Decentralizing staking to external validators will also help them achieve economic sustainability. Hyperliquid is a blockchain focused on high throughput, where infrastructure costs can be high, especially when nodes are deployed in Tokyo. Currently, validators at the bottom of the validator set earn between $3,000 and $5,000 annually, which is insufficient to cover costs. This is particularly challenging as they must self-stake the initial 10,000 HYPE tokens (worth around $250,000 at the current price) to validate on the mainnet.

Currently, users interact with Hyperliquid by bridging USDC from Arbitrum to the Hyperliquid chain. Upon reviewing the bridge contract, it appears that the bridge is still managed by 4 validators. These validators do not seem to be associated with the chain's consensus or the 16 validators on the mainnet.

Hyperliquid has a great product, but the team still needs to make several infrastructure improvements to truly compete with major layer 1s. Some improvements are straightforward, such as:

Seek input from experienced validators who operate on multiple networks. While the team's current approach of working independently has been very effective in building its sustainable product, validators are a key pillar of a layer 1. It is equally important to seek their input to ensure everything runs smoothly.

Open-source the code. This will help validators better understand the issues they face when running a node on the Hyperliquid L1 and also help users trust the product. Open-sourcing the code will also enable validators to have more insights into the architecture and consensus algorithm. Currently, information on HyperBFT is very limited, and open-sourcing can provide much-needed transparency and understanding. Chorus One has a network handbook on the importance of open source. Operators should be able to build all software they operate from source code: https://handbook.chorus.one/node-software/open-source.html

Create an appropriate validator selection process to prevent black market trading of the HYPE Testnet token. Selecting validators based on normal operation time is a fair approach, but achieving good normal operation time should also be fair. This should not depend on whether one has a relationship to acquire testnet tokens, purchased testnet tokens, or external factors (such as relying on Hyperliquid API for normal operation time).

Overall, Hyperliquid does not need to make too many changes to compete with major layer 1s. The main focus should be on interacting more with external parties and incorporating their feedback. I look forward to seeing the changes in the coming weeks and months, and our team will be ready to provide support and feedback at any time.

Hyperliquid Founder Jeff and Official Account Respond

In response to this letter, Hyperliquid Founder Jeff has responded on Platform X.

He emphasized that running a validator successfully is not difficult; the key lies in the validator's own setup and specialization. In addition, he pointed out that the validator selection criteria have been explained in the announcement and are based on the high normal operation time performance in the early stages of the testnet. This indicates that Jeff is more inclined to believe that the current issues stem more from the validators' own configuration rather than a flaw in system design.

Furthermore, the Hyperliquid official team has also released further clarifications, stating that the node code will be open-sourced in a secure manner.

· All validators qualify based on testnet performance and cannot obtain a seat through purchase; unfounded remarks denigrate the efforts of validators who have invested time and effort to understand the system; as the blockchain matures, the validator set will gradually expand.

· As previously announced, a foundation delegation program will be launched to support high-performing validators and further decentralize the network.

· Anyone can run an API server pointing to any node; sample client code sends requests to specific API servers, but this is not a fundamental requirement of the network.

· It is unacceptable for users to create a black market for the HYPE testnet; this has been stated multiple times; we will continue to work on improving the testnet onboarding process.

· The node code is currently closed source; open sourcing is very important, and the project will be open sourced once development reaches a stable state; Hyperliquid's development speed is several orders of magnitude faster than most projects, and its scope is also several orders of magnitude larger than most projects; the code will be open sourced under safe conditions.

· Currently, there is only one binary file. Even in a mature network like Solana, the vast majority of validators run a single client.

Original Article Link

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a16z Leads $18M Seed Round for Catena Labs, Crypto Industry Bets on Stablecoin AI Payment

Traditional finance is still stuck in a "human-to-human" model, while Catena aims to achieve "AI-to-AI" interaction.

Never Underestimate the Significance of the US Stablecoin 'Infrastructure Bill'

Original Title: "Never Underestimate the Significance of the US Stablecoin 'Genius Act'"Original Author: 0xTodd, Partner at Nothing Research


If the US stablecoin bill, the "GENIUS Act," passes smoothly this time, its significance will be tremendous. I even think it's significant enough to enter the top five in Crypto history.



Although abbreviated as the GENIUS Act, which translates directly to the Genius Act, it is actually the Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for U.S. Stablecoins, which translates to "Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for US Dollar Stablecoins."


The proposal is lengthy, with several key points summarized for everyone:


· Mandatory 1:1 Full Asset Backing: Assets include cash, demand deposits, and short-term US Treasuries. At the same time, misappropriation and rehypothecation are strictly prohibited.


· High-Frequency Disclosure: Reserve reports must be published at least monthly, introducing external audits.


· Licensing Requirement: Once the circulating market cap of the issuer's stablecoin exceeds $100 billion, it must transition into the federal regulatory system within a specified timeframe, adopting banking-grade regulation.


· Introduction of Custody: The custodian of the stablecoin and its reserve assets must be a regulated qualified financial institution.


· Clear Definition as a Payment Medium: The bill explicitly defines stablecoin as a new type of payment medium, primarily regulated by the banking regulatory system, rather than restricted by the securities or commodities regulatory system.


· Embracing Existing Stablecoins: A maximum 18-month grace period after the bill's enactment, aimed at encouraging existing stablecoin issuers (such as USDT, USDC, etc.) to promptly obtain licenses or become compliant.


After finishing the main content, let's talk about the significance of this matter with an excited heart.


Over the years, when others asked, "After working in the Crypto industry for 16 years, what application have you created?"


In the future, you can confidently tell others—Stablecoins.


First, Clearing Concerns is a Prerequisite


Some people have held opposing views. In the past, people's impression of stablecoins was that they were an opaque black box. Every few months, there would be FUD — whether Tether's assets were frozen or Circle had a significant black hole deficit.


In fact, if you think about it, Tether easily rakes in billions of dollars a year just from the interest on those underlying government bonds. Circle, slightly less, also made a $1.7 billion profit last year.


They basically made money while standing there. From a motivational standpoint, they have no malicious intentions. In fact, they are the most eager for compliance.


Now, this opaque black box will become a transparent white box.


In the past, the only complaint was that Tether's funds might have been frozen by the United States. Now, they will be directly placed into U.S. compliant custodial institutions, with high-frequency disclosures, so you can rest assured.


【No need to worry about a rug pull】 is such a huge advantage—I think especially all Crypto people understand this.


Second, Mastering the Standard is Very Important


Stablecoins were once almost on the verge of being overtaken by CBDCs. In any country, if a central bank digital currency really exists, it is highly likely not built on a blockchain, at most it is built on some internal central bank consortium chain, which to be honest, is meaningless.


When CBDCs were at their peak, that was the most dangerous time for stablecoins.


If CBDCs had become a reality back then, stablecoins today would have been relentlessly suppressed into a dark corner, and blockchain would only be able to play a minimal role.


The remaining half-dead stablecoins would even have to learn the standards of central bank digital currencies, completely relinquishing their standard-setting power.


And now, stablecoins have won (or are about to).


Instead, everyone should learn the 【Blockchain + Token】 standard.


Nowadays, many blockchains actually have no meaningful applications on top, only stablecoin transfers. For example, with Aptos, the only scenario I use Aptos for is transfers between Binance and OKX.


And now, stablecoins will be legislated, what does that mean?


That's right, blockchain will become the only standard.


In the future, every stablecoin user will be the first to learn how to use a wallet.


As an aside, I actually think Ethereum's concerted push for EIP-7702 is quite forward-thinking. While other chains are all about memes, thank you Ethereum for sticking to account abstraction.



EIP-7702 is about Account Abstraction, which can support, for example:


· Social Account Registration Wallet

· Paying GAS with Native Coin

· And more


This paves the way for future new users to heavily use stablecoins, solving the last-mile problem.


Third, Deposit Enters a New Era


Furthermore, once stablecoins receive legislative support, deposits and withdrawals will become even easier.


Let's imagine a scenario: previously, hindered by the gray nature of stablecoins, but after the bill passes, many traditional brokerages can support stablecoins themselves. The money from a US stock investor can be converted into stablecoins in minutes and instantly deposited into Coinbase. Believe it or not.



Let's imagine another scenario: if the brilliant bill smoothly passes through the House of Representatives, next, you will see:


Due to the extremely lucrative nature of this trading, existing stablecoin leaders and newly entering traditional giants will crazily start promoting their stablecoin products.


And an outsider, due to these promotions, will start using stablecoins. And then one day, after finding out that the wallet account has been created, will explore Bitcoin inside. Is mining Bitcoin difficult?


Stablecoins are a huge Trojan horse. The moment you start using stablecoins, you unwittingly step half a foot into the Crypto world.


Fourth, Conclusion


As a large reservoir for digesting US debt, although stablecoins cannot directly absorb debt, they at least provide ammunition for the US debt secondary market. These functions are quite important, and slowly, stablecoins are becoming a part of the US debt market's body. Therefore, once the US legislation is passed and experiences the benefits, there is no turning back.


And, we are also confident that stablecoins are indeed one of the great innovations in our industry. People who have used stablecoins will find it hard to return to the traditional cash-banking system.


Once the bill is passed, users can't go back. In the future, concerns are about to be resolved, standards will be mastered, and the era of large deposits seems to be on the horizon.


Original Article Link

$COIN Joins S&P 500, but Coinbase Isn't Celebrating

On May 13, S&P Dow Jones Indices announced that Coinbase would officially replace Discover Financial Services in the S&P 500 on May 19. While other companies like Block and MicroStrategy, closely tied to Bitcoin, were already part of the S&P 500, Coinbase became the first cryptocurrency exchange whose primary business is in the index. This also signifies that cryptocurrency is gradually moving from the fringes to the mainstream in the U.S.



On the day of the announcement, Coinbase's stock price surged by 23%, surpassing the $250 mark. However, just 3 days later, Coinbase was hit by two consecutive events: a hack where employees were bribed to steal customer data and a demand for a $20 million ransom, and an investigation by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) into the authenticity of its claim of having over 100 million "verified users" in its securities filings and marketing materials. These two events acted as mini-bombs, and at the time of writing, Coinbase's stock had already dropped by over 7.3%.


Coincidentally, Discover Financial Services, being replaced by Coinbase, can also be considered the "Coinbase" of the previous payment era. Discover is a U.S.-based digital banking and payment services company headquartered in Illinois, founded in 1960. Its payment network, Discover Network, is the fourth largest payment network apart from Visa, Mastercard, and American Express.


In April, after the approval of the acquisition of Discover by the sixth-largest U.S. bank, Capital One, this well-established digital banking company of over 60 years smoothly handed over its S&P 500 "seat" to this emerging cryptocurrency "bank." This unexpected coincidence also portrayed the handover between the new and old eras in Coinbase's entry into the S&P 500, resembling a relay race scene. However, this relay baton also brought Coinbase's accumulated "external troubles and internal strife" to a tipping point.


Side Effects of ETFs


Over the past decade, cryptocurrency exchanges have been the most stable "profit machines." They play a role in providing liquidity to the entire industry and rely on trading fees to sustain their operations. However, with the comprehensive rollout of ETF products in the U.S. market, this profit model is facing unprecedented challenges. As the leader in the "American stack," with over 80% of its business coming from the U.S., Coinbase is most affected by this.



Starting from the approval of Bitcoin and Ethereum spot ETFs, traditional financial capital has significantly onboarded users and funds that originally belonged to exchanges in a more cost-effective, compliant, and transparent manner. The transaction fee revenue of cryptocurrency exchanges has started to decline, and this trend may further intensify in the coming months.


According to Coinbase's 2024 Q4 financial report, the platform's total trading revenue was $417 million, a 45% year-on-year decrease. The contribution of BTC and ETH's trading revenue dropped from 65% in the same period last year to less than 50%.


This decline is not a result of a decrease in market enthusiasm. In fact, since the approval of the Bitcoin ETF in January 2024, the inflow of BTC into the U.S. market has continued to reach new highs, with asset management giants like BlackRock and Fidelity rapidly expanding their management scale. Data shows that BlackRock's iShares Bitcoin ETF (IBIT) alone has surpassed $17 billion in assets under management. As of mid-May 2025, the cumulative net inflow of 11 major institutional Bitcoin spot ETFs on the market has exceeded $41.5 billion, with a total net asset value of $1214.69 billion, accounting for approximately 5.91% of the total Bitcoin market capitalization.


Chart showing the trend of net outflows for Grayscale among the 11 institutions


Institutional investors and some retail investors are shifting towards ETF products, partly due to compliance and tax considerations. On one hand, ETFs have much lower trading costs compared to cryptocurrency exchanges. While Coinbase's spot trading fee rate varies annually in a tiered manner but averages around 1.49%, for example, the management fee for IBIT ETF is only 0.25%, and the majority of ETF institution fees fluctuate around 0.15% to 0.25%.



In other words, the more rational users are, the more likely they are to move from exchanges to ETF products, especially for investors aiming for long-term holdings.


According to multiple sources, several institutions, including VanEck and Grayscale, have submitted applications to the SEC for a Solana (SOL) ETF, with some institutions also planning to submit an XRP ETF proposal. Once approved, this may trigger a new round of fund migration. According to a report submitted by Coinbase to the SEC, as of April, the platform's trading revenue from XRP and Solana accounted for 18% and 10%, nearly one-third of the platform's fee revenue.



However, the Bitcoin and Ethereum ETFs passed in 2024 also reduced the fees for these two tokens on Coinbase from 30% and 15% to 26% and 10%, respectively. If the SOL and XRP ETFs are approved, it will further undermine the core fee revenue of exchanges like Coinbase.


The expansion of ETF products is gradually weakening the financial intermediary status of cryptocurrency exchanges. From their original roles as matchmakers and clearers to now gradually becoming mere "on-ramps and off-ramps" for funds, exchanges are seeing their marginal value squeezed by ETFs.


Robinhood Takes a Stand, Traditional Brokerages Join the Fray


On May 12, 2025, SEC Chairman Paul S. Atkins gave a keynote speech at the Tokenization and Cryptocurrency Working Group roundtable. The theme of his speech revolved around "It is a new day at the SEC," where he indicated that the SEC would not approach enforcement and regulation the same way as before but would instead pave the way for cryptocurrency assets in the U.S. market.



With signs of cryptocurrency compliance such as the SEC's "NEW DAY" declaration, an increasing number of traditional brokerages are attempting to enter the cryptocurrency industry. One of the most representative cases is the well-known U.S. brokerage Robinhood, which began expanding its crypto business in 2018. By the time of its IPO in 2021, Robinhood's crypto business revenue accounted for over 50% of the company, with a significant boost from the Dogecoin "moonshot" promoted by Musk.


In Q1 2025 earnings report, Robinhood showcased strong growth, especially in revenue from cryptocurrency and options trading. Fueled by Trump's Memecoin, cryptocurrency-related revenue reached $250 million, nearly doubling year-over-year. Consequently, Robinhood Gold subscription users reached 3.5 million, a 90% increase from the previous year, with the rapid growth of Robinhood Gold providing the company with a stable source of income.



Meanwhile, RobinHood is actively pursuing acquisitions in the cryptocurrency space. In 2024, it announced a $2 billion acquisition of the long-standing European cryptocurrency exchange Bitstamp. Additionally, Canada's largest cryptocurrency CEX, WonderFi, which recently went public on the Toronto Stock Exchange, also announced its integration with RobinHood Crypto. After obtaining virtual asset licenses in the UK, Canada, Singapore, and other markets, RobinHood has taken a proactive approach in the compliant cryptocurrency trading market.



Furthermore, an increasing number of brokerage firms are exploring the same path. Futu Securities, Tiger Brokers, and others are also dipping their toes into cryptocurrency trading, with some having applied for or obtained the VA license from the Hong Kong SFC. Although their user bases are currently small, traditional brokerages have a natural advantage in user trust, regulatory licenses, and low fee structures. This could pose a threat to native cryptocurrency platforms in the future.



User Data Breach: Is Coinbase Still Secure?


In April 2025, security researchers discovered that some Coinbase user data was leaked on the dark web. While the platform initially responded by attributing it to a "technical misinformation," it still raised concerns among users regarding its security and privacy protection. Just two days before Dow Jones Indexes announced Coinbase's addition to the S&P 500 Index, on May 11, 2025, Coinbase received an email from an unknown threat actor claiming to have obtained customer account information and internal documents, demanding a $20 million ransom to keep the data private. Subsequent investigations confirmed the data breach.


Cybercriminals obtained the data by bribing overseas customer service agents and support staff, mainly in "non-U.S. regions such as India." These agents abused their access to Coinbase's internal customer support system and stole customer data. As early as February this year, blockchain detective ZachXBT revealed on X platform that between December 2024 and January 2025, Coinbase users lost over $65 million to social engineering scams, with the actual amount potentially higher.


Among the victims was a well-known figure, 67-year-old Ed Suman, an established artist in the art world for nearly two decades, having been involved in the creation of artworks such as Jeff Koons' "Balloon Dog" sculpture. Earlier this year, he fell victim to an impersonation scam involving fake Coinbase customer support, resulting in a loss of over $2 million in cryptocurrency. ZachXBT critiqued Coinbase for its inadequate handling of such scams, noting that other major exchanges have not faced similar issues and recommending Coinbase to enhance its security measures.


Amidst a series of ongoing social engineering incidents, although there has not been any impact on user assets at the technical level so far, it has raised concerns among many retail and institutional investors. Especially institutions holding massive assets on Coinbase. Just considering the U.S. BTC ETF institutions, as of mid-May 2025, they collectively hold nearly 840,000 BTC, and 75% of these are custodied by Coinbase. If we price BTC at $100,000, this amount reaches a staggering $63 billion, which is equivalent to the nominal GDP of two Iceland in the year 2024.


Visualization: ChatGPT, Source: Farside


In addition, Coinbase Custody also serves over 300 institutional clients, including hedge funds, family offices, pension funds, and endowments. As of the Q1 2025 financial report, Coinbase's total assets under management (including institutional and retail clients) reached $404 billion. The specific amount of institutional custodied assets was not explicitly disclosed in the latest report, but it should still be over 50% based on the Q4 2024 report.


Visualization: ChatGPT


Once this security barrier is breached, not only could the rate of user attrition far exceed expectations, but more importantly, institutional trust in it would undermine the foundation of its business. Therefore, after a hacking event, Coinbase's stock price plummeted significantly.


CEXs are All in Self-Rescue Mode


Facing a decline in spot trading fee revenue, Coinbase is also accelerating its transformation, attempting to find growth opportunities in derivatives and emerging assets. Coinbase acquired a stake in the options platform Deribit at the end of 2024 and announced the official launch of perpetual contract products in 2025. This acquisition fills in Coinbase's gap in options trading and its relatively small global market share.



Deribit has a strong presence in non-U.S. markets, especially in Asia and Europe. The acquisition has enabled Coinbase to gain a dominant position in bitcoin and ethereum options trading on Deribit, accounting for approximately 80% of the global options trading volume, with daily trading volume remaining above $2 billion.


Meanwhile, 80-90% of Deribit's customer base consists of institutional investors, with their professionalism and liquidity in the Bitcoin and Ethereum options market highly favored by institutions. Coinbase's compliance advantage, coupled with its already robust institutional ecosystem, makes it even more suitable. By using institutions as an entry point, it can face the squeeze from giants like Binance and OKX in the derivatives market.



Facing a similar dilemma is Kraken, which is attempting to replicate Binance Futures' model in non-U.S. markets. Since the derivatives market relies more on professional users, fee rates are relatively higher and stickiness is stronger, making it a significant source of revenue for exchanges. In the first half of 2025, Kraken completed the acquisition of TradeStation Crypto and a futures exchange, aiming to build a complete derivatives trading ecosystem to hedge the risk of declining spot transaction fee income.


With the surge of Memecoin in 2024, Binance, OKX, and various CEX platforms began massively listing small-market-cap, highly volatile tokens to activate active trading users. Due to the wealth effect and trading activity of Memecoins, Coinbase was also forced to join the battle, successively listing popular tokens from the Solana ecosystem such as BOOK OF MEME and Dogwifhat. Although these coins are controversial, they are frequently traded, with fee rates several times higher than mainstream coins, serving as a "blood-boosting" method for spot trading.


However, due to its status as a publicly traded company, this practice is a riskier endeavor for Coinbase. Even in the current crypto-friendly environment, the SEC is still investigating whether tokens like SOL, ADA, and SAND constitute securities.


In addition to the forced transformation strategies carried out by the aforementioned CEXs, they are also starting to lay out RWAs and the most talked-about stablecoin payment fields, such as the PYUSD launched through a collaboration between Coinbase and Paypal, Coinbase's support for the Euro stablecoin EURC by Circle that complies with EU MiCA regulatory requirements, or the USD1 launched through a collaboration between Binance and WIFL. In the increasingly crowded trading field, many CEXs have shifted their focus from just the trading market to the application field.


The golden age of transaction fees has quietly ended, and the second half of the crypto exchange platform game has silently begun.


Key Market Insights for May 16th, how much did you miss out on?

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