Splurging $80 Million in Growth "Subsidies," Uniswap is Taking Big Steps

By: blockbeats|2025/04/15 08:30:01
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On February 14, 2025, Devin Walsh, Executive Director and Co-founder of the Uniswap Foundation, initiated a liquidity incentive proposal regarding Uniswap v4 and Unichain in the Uniswap Governance DAO. The proposal passed through Temp Check on March 3 and was formally completed on March 21 in tally on Snapshot, with a total of 53 million UNI tokens and 468 addresses participating in the vote. The plan's technical support partner, Gauntlet, announced that the first phase of activities under this proposal would last for 2 weeks and commence on April 15.

The proposal sparked intense community discussion upon its release, with some expressing support while others believed the plan to be meaningless and detrimental to DAO interests. This article will detail the main contents of the proposal, how to participate, and the community's perspectives.

Splurging $80 Million in Growth

Proposal Details

The proposal encompasses plans for the next six months of UniSwap v4 and one year of Unichain. The Foundation's goal for Uniswap v4 over the next six months is to migrate the 30-day rolling trading volume of $32.8 billion from v3 to the target chain's v4. A budget of $24 million has been applied for this six-month plan.

On the other hand, Unichain's activities are planned to span an entire year. The Foundation's plan for the next three months is to achieve a TVL of $7.5 billion and a cumulative trading volume of $110 billion on Unichain. To achieve the aforementioned goals, Unichain plans to request around $60 million in incentives for the first year, including the $21 million requested in this proposal. Operating similarly to Uniswap v4, the rewards will consider non-DEX DeFi activities to increase organic liquidity demand, primarily composed of the Uniswap Foundation and other projects built on Unichain.

The incentive activities on both chains differ slightly. Uniswap v4's activities will focus on driving AMM trading volume on each chain, while Unichain's activities will strategically deploy AMM incentives to promote broader DeFi activities across the chain and internally within AMMs.

The initial Unichain activity will commence on April 15, 2025, for a duration of three months, distributing millions of dollars in incentive funds. The $UNI incentive measures will be spread across 12 different Unichain pools to reward LPs. For the first two weeks, the following 12 pools will receive $UNI rewards: $USDC/$ETH, $USDC/$USDT0, $ETH/$WBTC, $USDC/$WBTC, $UNI/$ETH, $ETH/$USDT0, $WBTC/$USDT0, $wstETH/$ETH, $weETH/$ETH, $rsETH/$ETH, $ezETH/$ETH, $COMP/$ETH.

In this event, Gauntlet and Merkl play a significant role. Gauntlet is a simulation platform for on-chain risk management that uses agent-based simulation to adjust key protocol parameters, thereby enhancing capital efficiency, fees, risk, and incentives. Merkl, on the other hand, is incubated by a16z and is a one-stop platform that integrates multiple chains and DeFi investment opportunities across protocols.

In this event, Gauntlet provides its "Aera" treasury insurance technology, where funds approved through DAO voting for a grant are stored in a treasury vault. Gauntlet identifies the most liquid pools on each network and calculates the additional yield required to make Uniswap v4 a more economically attractive choice. Adjustments are made every two weeks, determining which pools receive incentives and how much, with reward distribution details available on the Merkl website.

Aggressive Growth Goals, Traditional Growth Strategies

Incentive Effectiveness and Subsequent Retention Discussion

Member "UreNotInD" initially opposed this proposal in the DAO voting discussion, primarily because the proposal, when requesting funds, drew parallels to the spending of funds on liquidity by other projects, such as "Aerodrome spending $40-50 million per month, ZkSync Ignite spending $420 million over 9 months, and Arbitrum spending nearly $200 million since March last year." He believed this to be a tired strategy that many projects have already attempted with minimal results.

Meanwhile, the strongest competitor Fluid is gaining market share without offering any incentives. The popular L2 network Base has successfully captured market share without user incentives. These measures do not address the structural problems that can help Unichain grow, such as interoperability between layer-1 chains, creating unique DeFi use cases, improving on-chain native asset issuance (RWA, meme coins, AI tokens), as native assets are the stickiest. The foundation should attract and fund more developers through the aforementioned methods.

Member "0xkeyrock.eth" shares the same concern, believing that Gauntlet's report should be publicly shared on the forum. The report incurred significant costs, yet the information presented on the forum is superficial and insufficient to justify such a large-scale incentive program.

He raised several unreasonable points in his reports. For example, Aerodrome's high incentive is due to 100% of the fees being redistributed to veHolders, making it incomparable to liquidity incentive models. Additionally, zkSync's monthly $5 million token reward only increased TVL from $100 million to $2.66 billion.

Meanwhile, Unichain's total TVL is only $10 million, indicating a lack of organic demand for Unichain. Gauntlet's claim to raise Unichain to a $750 million TVL with $7 million monthly incentives appears questionable.

While subsidy-driven activities may temporarily boost activity, the sustainability of demand is uncertain. Historical cases like MODE's TVL dropping from $575 million to $19 million, Manta's from $667 million to $46 million, and Blast's from $2.27 billion to $233 million suggest Unichain may face a similar fate.

Building on this, comparing UniSwap's "TVL Growth per Dollar Incentivized" data across chains from Forse Analytics reveals that in the most developed infrastructure on L2 like Base, the best-case scenario is $2,600 TVL per dollar, while the worst-performing Blast is around $500. To reach the $750 million TVL goal, a simple calculation shows the former would need $300,000 daily and the latter would need $1.5 million.

Although analog data is imperfect, it represents a certain range proportion. To raise Unichain's TVL to $750 million with $7 million in three months, infrastructure completeness and user levels need to be elevated to levels similar to Base. Additionally, Blast, the worst-performing chain, has a TVL over 10 times that of Unichain.

The member also shared data on the activity results of Uniswap v3's incentive plan for new chain deployments in 2024. The best-performing was Sei's DEX TVL ranking 6th in the chain's ecosystem with only $718,000 TVL, while the worst was Polygon zkEVM with a meager $2,600 TVL, ranking 13th in DEX TVL. None of these deployments exceeded $1 million in TVL and hardly any entered the top DEX on the chain. These deployments mostly lost their vitality, with the only trading activity coming from arbitrageurs correcting outdated prices.

Table created by 0xkeyrock.eth, showing the TVL harvested after Uniswap's multi-chain deployment incentives and the ranking within DEXes

However, these incentive pool deployments have hardly generated any flywheel effect and have experienced a cliff-like drop after the activity ended. Uniswap spent $2.75 million on these deployments, excluding the protocol's match amount, with an annualized cost for these deployments of $310,000. Even with fee conversion to recoup costs (assuming a 15% fee capture), the DAO can only generate about $46,500 in revenue annually, equivalent to a 1.7% return rate, and it would take 59 years to achieve breakeven.

The dashed lines represent the incentive activity period, and almost all liquidity pools experienced a cliff-like drop after the activity

Of course, some members have also stated that despite the widespread liquidity cliff drop after the end of incentives, this incentive program remains the most effective strategy. Member "alicecorsini" used Forse Analytics data in a recent review of UNI incentives on Uniswap v3 on Base to show the difficulty of retaining users, liquidity, and trading volume after the incentives end.

For Base, Uniswap's main competitor is Aerodrome, but the data presents a more complex scenario. 27.8% of Uniswap incentive LPs provided liquidity to Aerodrome after the incentives ended, with 84.5% completely leaving Uniswap, and about 64.8% of users who left Uniswap did not switch to Aerodrome, even though they had a better APR than the incentive-free Uniswap v3.

While some LPs have migrated to Aerodrome, a larger proportion of users have simply exited directly rather than moving to a direct competitor. This indicates a broader structural challenge in retaining users and liquidity. He believes that brainstorming some methods to improve retention through the deployment of incentives "simultaneously" is a worthwhile effort, but this incentive plan remains the most effective strategy as the first step in the traffic funnel.

Community Skepticism of Gauntlet's Capability

Community member Pepo "@0xPEPO" expressed concerns about Gauntlet's capabilities on social media X, noting that the Uniswap Foundation had already paid participation fees of $1.2 million and $1.25 million to Aera and Gauntlet, respectively, even before the proposal was approved. However, there are doubts about whether the Aera team has the ability to deliver on such a project as they lack a track record.

He mentioned that Uniswap's Growth Manager designated by Gauntlet, Peteris Erins, was the founder of Auditless and a member of the Aera team. Despite Peteris having little to no public track record outside of his work at Aera, the only notable public achievement was that the protocol reached over $80 million TVL in its first year.

However, he believes that this total locked value may not be a true performance indicator, as every customer of Aera is also a customer of Gauntlet. When a company's performance relies on its parent company, the growth data becomes questionable. He further compared Aave and Gauntlet's data, suggesting that Gauntlet may have been hindering growth, and after Aave parted ways with Gauntlet, both TVL and profitability saw significant increases.

Devin Walsh, Executive Director and Co-Founder of the Uniswap Foundation, responded to this by stating that Gauntlet has undergone a more rigorous review than typical partners in the past, having undergone two due diligence processes.

The first was in early 2023 when selecting an advisor for incentive analysis. To choose a vendor, we provided similar proposals to three potential partners and evaluated the final results based on the rigor, comprehensiveness of the analysis, and the ability to drive execution post-analysis. Gauntlet's performance far exceeded other companies at that time. The second was in the third quarter of 2024, where the Foundation assessed a group of candidates to determine who was best suited to partner in carrying out the incentive activities for Uniswap v4 and Unichain. We evaluated candidates' track records, relevant experience, and ability to achieve expected outcomes. Based on the analysis, we believed Gauntlet was best suited for the task. At the same time, we took the opportunity to renegotiate the contract, currently planning to pay per activity and lock in the rate until 2027.

Recurring Security Issue of USDT0 Underlying Technology Layer0

Before the event started, analyst Todd "0x_Todd" pointed out the security vulnerability of USDT0 on social media platform X. USDT0 is the cross-chain version of USDT, with the parent asset USDT existing on ETH and crossing to other chains through Layer0 becoming USDT0. The chains supporting USDT0 can also cross-chain with each other, such as ETH-Arb-Unichain-BearChain-megaETH, and so on.

USDT0 is led by Everdawn Labs, utilizing Layer0's underlying technology and backed by Tether and INK. Todd expressed concerns about the trustworthiness of Layer0, stating, "My level of trust in Layer0 is limited, and the history of failures in top cross-chain bridges is abundant, from multichain to thorchai; cross-chain technology is fundamentally low-threshold, merely involving multisigs." Due to the current situation, apart from bearing the risks of Tether and Uniswap, there are an additional 4 risks to consider, namely the security of Everdawn, Layer0, Unichain, and the security of other chains supporting USDT0. If other chains are compromised and USDT0 experiences unlimited minting, then Unichain's USDT0 will also be tainted.

How Can Users Farm?

Visit Merkl to view the incentive pools. These incentive mechanisms may increase or decrease over time. To efficiently farm $UNI, one must constantly monitor the reward changes in the 12 pools.

Provide liquidity to these pools by supplying liquidity to the incentive pools from any interface and receive liquidity mining rewards.

Claim rewards on the Merkl personal interface, where users can claim rewards through the Merkl interface or any interface connected to the Merkl API.

Overall, most of the community users do not have a positive view of this proposal. They believe that it is harmful to $UNI holders in various ways. However, for retail investors who simply want to farm $UNI, they need to be cautious of the potential risks involved and pay attention to the bi-weekly changes in liquidity pool rewards. In anticipation of potential future risks, BlockBeats will continue to monitor and report on developments.

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Traditional finance is still stuck in a "human-to-human" model, while Catena aims to achieve "AI-to-AI" interaction.

Never Underestimate the Significance of the US Stablecoin 'Infrastructure Bill'

Original Title: "Never Underestimate the Significance of the US Stablecoin 'Genius Act'"Original Author: 0xTodd, Partner at Nothing Research


If the US stablecoin bill, the "GENIUS Act," passes smoothly this time, its significance will be tremendous. I even think it's significant enough to enter the top five in Crypto history.



Although abbreviated as the GENIUS Act, which translates directly to the Genius Act, it is actually the Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for U.S. Stablecoins, which translates to "Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for US Dollar Stablecoins."


The proposal is lengthy, with several key points summarized for everyone:


· Mandatory 1:1 Full Asset Backing: Assets include cash, demand deposits, and short-term US Treasuries. At the same time, misappropriation and rehypothecation are strictly prohibited.


· High-Frequency Disclosure: Reserve reports must be published at least monthly, introducing external audits.


· Licensing Requirement: Once the circulating market cap of the issuer's stablecoin exceeds $100 billion, it must transition into the federal regulatory system within a specified timeframe, adopting banking-grade regulation.


· Introduction of Custody: The custodian of the stablecoin and its reserve assets must be a regulated qualified financial institution.


· Clear Definition as a Payment Medium: The bill explicitly defines stablecoin as a new type of payment medium, primarily regulated by the banking regulatory system, rather than restricted by the securities or commodities regulatory system.


· Embracing Existing Stablecoins: A maximum 18-month grace period after the bill's enactment, aimed at encouraging existing stablecoin issuers (such as USDT, USDC, etc.) to promptly obtain licenses or become compliant.


After finishing the main content, let's talk about the significance of this matter with an excited heart.


Over the years, when others asked, "After working in the Crypto industry for 16 years, what application have you created?"


In the future, you can confidently tell others—Stablecoins.


First, Clearing Concerns is a Prerequisite


Some people have held opposing views. In the past, people's impression of stablecoins was that they were an opaque black box. Every few months, there would be FUD — whether Tether's assets were frozen or Circle had a significant black hole deficit.


In fact, if you think about it, Tether easily rakes in billions of dollars a year just from the interest on those underlying government bonds. Circle, slightly less, also made a $1.7 billion profit last year.


They basically made money while standing there. From a motivational standpoint, they have no malicious intentions. In fact, they are the most eager for compliance.


Now, this opaque black box will become a transparent white box.


In the past, the only complaint was that Tether's funds might have been frozen by the United States. Now, they will be directly placed into U.S. compliant custodial institutions, with high-frequency disclosures, so you can rest assured.


【No need to worry about a rug pull】 is such a huge advantage—I think especially all Crypto people understand this.


Second, Mastering the Standard is Very Important


Stablecoins were once almost on the verge of being overtaken by CBDCs. In any country, if a central bank digital currency really exists, it is highly likely not built on a blockchain, at most it is built on some internal central bank consortium chain, which to be honest, is meaningless.


When CBDCs were at their peak, that was the most dangerous time for stablecoins.


If CBDCs had become a reality back then, stablecoins today would have been relentlessly suppressed into a dark corner, and blockchain would only be able to play a minimal role.


The remaining half-dead stablecoins would even have to learn the standards of central bank digital currencies, completely relinquishing their standard-setting power.


And now, stablecoins have won (or are about to).


Instead, everyone should learn the 【Blockchain + Token】 standard.


Nowadays, many blockchains actually have no meaningful applications on top, only stablecoin transfers. For example, with Aptos, the only scenario I use Aptos for is transfers between Binance and OKX.


And now, stablecoins will be legislated, what does that mean?


That's right, blockchain will become the only standard.


In the future, every stablecoin user will be the first to learn how to use a wallet.


As an aside, I actually think Ethereum's concerted push for EIP-7702 is quite forward-thinking. While other chains are all about memes, thank you Ethereum for sticking to account abstraction.



EIP-7702 is about Account Abstraction, which can support, for example:


· Social Account Registration Wallet

· Paying GAS with Native Coin

· And more


This paves the way for future new users to heavily use stablecoins, solving the last-mile problem.


Third, Deposit Enters a New Era


Furthermore, once stablecoins receive legislative support, deposits and withdrawals will become even easier.


Let's imagine a scenario: previously, hindered by the gray nature of stablecoins, but after the bill passes, many traditional brokerages can support stablecoins themselves. The money from a US stock investor can be converted into stablecoins in minutes and instantly deposited into Coinbase. Believe it or not.



Let's imagine another scenario: if the brilliant bill smoothly passes through the House of Representatives, next, you will see:


Due to the extremely lucrative nature of this trading, existing stablecoin leaders and newly entering traditional giants will crazily start promoting their stablecoin products.


And an outsider, due to these promotions, will start using stablecoins. And then one day, after finding out that the wallet account has been created, will explore Bitcoin inside. Is mining Bitcoin difficult?


Stablecoins are a huge Trojan horse. The moment you start using stablecoins, you unwittingly step half a foot into the Crypto world.


Fourth, Conclusion


As a large reservoir for digesting US debt, although stablecoins cannot directly absorb debt, they at least provide ammunition for the US debt secondary market. These functions are quite important, and slowly, stablecoins are becoming a part of the US debt market's body. Therefore, once the US legislation is passed and experiences the benefits, there is no turning back.


And, we are also confident that stablecoins are indeed one of the great innovations in our industry. People who have used stablecoins will find it hard to return to the traditional cash-banking system.


Once the bill is passed, users can't go back. In the future, concerns are about to be resolved, standards will be mastered, and the era of large deposits seems to be on the horizon.


Original Article Link

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$COIN Joins S&P 500, but Coinbase Isn't Celebrating

On May 13, S&P Dow Jones Indices announced that Coinbase would officially replace Discover Financial Services in the S&P 500 on May 19. While other companies like Block and MicroStrategy, closely tied to Bitcoin, were already part of the S&P 500, Coinbase became the first cryptocurrency exchange whose primary business is in the index. This also signifies that cryptocurrency is gradually moving from the fringes to the mainstream in the U.S.



On the day of the announcement, Coinbase's stock price surged by 23%, surpassing the $250 mark. However, just 3 days later, Coinbase was hit by two consecutive events: a hack where employees were bribed to steal customer data and a demand for a $20 million ransom, and an investigation by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) into the authenticity of its claim of having over 100 million "verified users" in its securities filings and marketing materials. These two events acted as mini-bombs, and at the time of writing, Coinbase's stock had already dropped by over 7.3%.


Coincidentally, Discover Financial Services, being replaced by Coinbase, can also be considered the "Coinbase" of the previous payment era. Discover is a U.S.-based digital banking and payment services company headquartered in Illinois, founded in 1960. Its payment network, Discover Network, is the fourth largest payment network apart from Visa, Mastercard, and American Express.


In April, after the approval of the acquisition of Discover by the sixth-largest U.S. bank, Capital One, this well-established digital banking company of over 60 years smoothly handed over its S&P 500 "seat" to this emerging cryptocurrency "bank." This unexpected coincidence also portrayed the handover between the new and old eras in Coinbase's entry into the S&P 500, resembling a relay race scene. However, this relay baton also brought Coinbase's accumulated "external troubles and internal strife" to a tipping point.


Side Effects of ETFs


Over the past decade, cryptocurrency exchanges have been the most stable "profit machines." They play a role in providing liquidity to the entire industry and rely on trading fees to sustain their operations. However, with the comprehensive rollout of ETF products in the U.S. market, this profit model is facing unprecedented challenges. As the leader in the "American stack," with over 80% of its business coming from the U.S., Coinbase is most affected by this.



Starting from the approval of Bitcoin and Ethereum spot ETFs, traditional financial capital has significantly onboarded users and funds that originally belonged to exchanges in a more cost-effective, compliant, and transparent manner. The transaction fee revenue of cryptocurrency exchanges has started to decline, and this trend may further intensify in the coming months.


According to Coinbase's 2024 Q4 financial report, the platform's total trading revenue was $417 million, a 45% year-on-year decrease. The contribution of BTC and ETH's trading revenue dropped from 65% in the same period last year to less than 50%.


This decline is not a result of a decrease in market enthusiasm. In fact, since the approval of the Bitcoin ETF in January 2024, the inflow of BTC into the U.S. market has continued to reach new highs, with asset management giants like BlackRock and Fidelity rapidly expanding their management scale. Data shows that BlackRock's iShares Bitcoin ETF (IBIT) alone has surpassed $17 billion in assets under management. As of mid-May 2025, the cumulative net inflow of 11 major institutional Bitcoin spot ETFs on the market has exceeded $41.5 billion, with a total net asset value of $1214.69 billion, accounting for approximately 5.91% of the total Bitcoin market capitalization.


Chart showing the trend of net outflows for Grayscale among the 11 institutions


Institutional investors and some retail investors are shifting towards ETF products, partly due to compliance and tax considerations. On one hand, ETFs have much lower trading costs compared to cryptocurrency exchanges. While Coinbase's spot trading fee rate varies annually in a tiered manner but averages around 1.49%, for example, the management fee for IBIT ETF is only 0.25%, and the majority of ETF institution fees fluctuate around 0.15% to 0.25%.



In other words, the more rational users are, the more likely they are to move from exchanges to ETF products, especially for investors aiming for long-term holdings.


According to multiple sources, several institutions, including VanEck and Grayscale, have submitted applications to the SEC for a Solana (SOL) ETF, with some institutions also planning to submit an XRP ETF proposal. Once approved, this may trigger a new round of fund migration. According to a report submitted by Coinbase to the SEC, as of April, the platform's trading revenue from XRP and Solana accounted for 18% and 10%, nearly one-third of the platform's fee revenue.



However, the Bitcoin and Ethereum ETFs passed in 2024 also reduced the fees for these two tokens on Coinbase from 30% and 15% to 26% and 10%, respectively. If the SOL and XRP ETFs are approved, it will further undermine the core fee revenue of exchanges like Coinbase.


The expansion of ETF products is gradually weakening the financial intermediary status of cryptocurrency exchanges. From their original roles as matchmakers and clearers to now gradually becoming mere "on-ramps and off-ramps" for funds, exchanges are seeing their marginal value squeezed by ETFs.


Robinhood Takes a Stand, Traditional Brokerages Join the Fray


On May 12, 2025, SEC Chairman Paul S. Atkins gave a keynote speech at the Tokenization and Cryptocurrency Working Group roundtable. The theme of his speech revolved around "It is a new day at the SEC," where he indicated that the SEC would not approach enforcement and regulation the same way as before but would instead pave the way for cryptocurrency assets in the U.S. market.



With signs of cryptocurrency compliance such as the SEC's "NEW DAY" declaration, an increasing number of traditional brokerages are attempting to enter the cryptocurrency industry. One of the most representative cases is the well-known U.S. brokerage Robinhood, which began expanding its crypto business in 2018. By the time of its IPO in 2021, Robinhood's crypto business revenue accounted for over 50% of the company, with a significant boost from the Dogecoin "moonshot" promoted by Musk.


In Q1 2025 earnings report, Robinhood showcased strong growth, especially in revenue from cryptocurrency and options trading. Fueled by Trump's Memecoin, cryptocurrency-related revenue reached $250 million, nearly doubling year-over-year. Consequently, Robinhood Gold subscription users reached 3.5 million, a 90% increase from the previous year, with the rapid growth of Robinhood Gold providing the company with a stable source of income.



Meanwhile, RobinHood is actively pursuing acquisitions in the cryptocurrency space. In 2024, it announced a $2 billion acquisition of the long-standing European cryptocurrency exchange Bitstamp. Additionally, Canada's largest cryptocurrency CEX, WonderFi, which recently went public on the Toronto Stock Exchange, also announced its integration with RobinHood Crypto. After obtaining virtual asset licenses in the UK, Canada, Singapore, and other markets, RobinHood has taken a proactive approach in the compliant cryptocurrency trading market.



Furthermore, an increasing number of brokerage firms are exploring the same path. Futu Securities, Tiger Brokers, and others are also dipping their toes into cryptocurrency trading, with some having applied for or obtained the VA license from the Hong Kong SFC. Although their user bases are currently small, traditional brokerages have a natural advantage in user trust, regulatory licenses, and low fee structures. This could pose a threat to native cryptocurrency platforms in the future.



User Data Breach: Is Coinbase Still Secure?


In April 2025, security researchers discovered that some Coinbase user data was leaked on the dark web. While the platform initially responded by attributing it to a "technical misinformation," it still raised concerns among users regarding its security and privacy protection. Just two days before Dow Jones Indexes announced Coinbase's addition to the S&P 500 Index, on May 11, 2025, Coinbase received an email from an unknown threat actor claiming to have obtained customer account information and internal documents, demanding a $20 million ransom to keep the data private. Subsequent investigations confirmed the data breach.


Cybercriminals obtained the data by bribing overseas customer service agents and support staff, mainly in "non-U.S. regions such as India." These agents abused their access to Coinbase's internal customer support system and stole customer data. As early as February this year, blockchain detective ZachXBT revealed on X platform that between December 2024 and January 2025, Coinbase users lost over $65 million to social engineering scams, with the actual amount potentially higher.


Among the victims was a well-known figure, 67-year-old Ed Suman, an established artist in the art world for nearly two decades, having been involved in the creation of artworks such as Jeff Koons' "Balloon Dog" sculpture. Earlier this year, he fell victim to an impersonation scam involving fake Coinbase customer support, resulting in a loss of over $2 million in cryptocurrency. ZachXBT critiqued Coinbase for its inadequate handling of such scams, noting that other major exchanges have not faced similar issues and recommending Coinbase to enhance its security measures.


Amidst a series of ongoing social engineering incidents, although there has not been any impact on user assets at the technical level so far, it has raised concerns among many retail and institutional investors. Especially institutions holding massive assets on Coinbase. Just considering the U.S. BTC ETF institutions, as of mid-May 2025, they collectively hold nearly 840,000 BTC, and 75% of these are custodied by Coinbase. If we price BTC at $100,000, this amount reaches a staggering $63 billion, which is equivalent to the nominal GDP of two Iceland in the year 2024.


Visualization: ChatGPT, Source: Farside


In addition, Coinbase Custody also serves over 300 institutional clients, including hedge funds, family offices, pension funds, and endowments. As of the Q1 2025 financial report, Coinbase's total assets under management (including institutional and retail clients) reached $404 billion. The specific amount of institutional custodied assets was not explicitly disclosed in the latest report, but it should still be over 50% based on the Q4 2024 report.


Visualization: ChatGPT


Once this security barrier is breached, not only could the rate of user attrition far exceed expectations, but more importantly, institutional trust in it would undermine the foundation of its business. Therefore, after a hacking event, Coinbase's stock price plummeted significantly.


CEXs are All in Self-Rescue Mode


Facing a decline in spot trading fee revenue, Coinbase is also accelerating its transformation, attempting to find growth opportunities in derivatives and emerging assets. Coinbase acquired a stake in the options platform Deribit at the end of 2024 and announced the official launch of perpetual contract products in 2025. This acquisition fills in Coinbase's gap in options trading and its relatively small global market share.



Deribit has a strong presence in non-U.S. markets, especially in Asia and Europe. The acquisition has enabled Coinbase to gain a dominant position in bitcoin and ethereum options trading on Deribit, accounting for approximately 80% of the global options trading volume, with daily trading volume remaining above $2 billion.


Meanwhile, 80-90% of Deribit's customer base consists of institutional investors, with their professionalism and liquidity in the Bitcoin and Ethereum options market highly favored by institutions. Coinbase's compliance advantage, coupled with its already robust institutional ecosystem, makes it even more suitable. By using institutions as an entry point, it can face the squeeze from giants like Binance and OKX in the derivatives market.



Facing a similar dilemma is Kraken, which is attempting to replicate Binance Futures' model in non-U.S. markets. Since the derivatives market relies more on professional users, fee rates are relatively higher and stickiness is stronger, making it a significant source of revenue for exchanges. In the first half of 2025, Kraken completed the acquisition of TradeStation Crypto and a futures exchange, aiming to build a complete derivatives trading ecosystem to hedge the risk of declining spot transaction fee income.


With the surge of Memecoin in 2024, Binance, OKX, and various CEX platforms began massively listing small-market-cap, highly volatile tokens to activate active trading users. Due to the wealth effect and trading activity of Memecoins, Coinbase was also forced to join the battle, successively listing popular tokens from the Solana ecosystem such as BOOK OF MEME and Dogwifhat. Although these coins are controversial, they are frequently traded, with fee rates several times higher than mainstream coins, serving as a "blood-boosting" method for spot trading.


However, due to its status as a publicly traded company, this practice is a riskier endeavor for Coinbase. Even in the current crypto-friendly environment, the SEC is still investigating whether tokens like SOL, ADA, and SAND constitute securities.


In addition to the forced transformation strategies carried out by the aforementioned CEXs, they are also starting to lay out RWAs and the most talked-about stablecoin payment fields, such as the PYUSD launched through a collaboration between Coinbase and Paypal, Coinbase's support for the Euro stablecoin EURC by Circle that complies with EU MiCA regulatory requirements, or the USD1 launched through a collaboration between Binance and WIFL. In the increasingly crowded trading field, many CEXs have shifted their focus from just the trading market to the application field.


The golden age of transaction fees has quietly ended, and the second half of the crypto exchange platform game has silently begun.


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