Stablecoin Market Cap Surpasses $230 Billion, an Article Exploring the Yield Strategy You Have Overlooked

By: blockbeats|2025/03/24 08:30:05
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Original Title: Stablecoins That Pay: 4 Pre-TGE Stables With Yield
Original Author: Marco Manoppo, Investor at Primitive Ventures
Original Translation: DeepSeek

Editor's Note: The article introduces 4 stablecoin protocols that offer yield pre-TGE (CAP's cUSD, Resolv's USR, Noble's USDN, and Level's lvlUSD), which provide users with returns through innovative methods such as liquidity provision, MEV, arbitrage, re-staking, etc. This marks the transition of stablecoins from a mere value storage tool to a yield-generating tool, and discusses how stablecoins in the future may further develop by integrating new asset types.

The following is the original content (slightly reorganized for better readability):

I remember the days when to achieve Delta hedging, we had to short 1x BTC futures on BitMEX before USDC/T truly integrated with CEX and DEX. It was essentially the most capital-efficient way to achieve 'neutralization' without having to move funds between CEXs.

But those days are long gone; stablecoins have become the safe haven of the crypto market, offering a way to park funds without being affected by relative volatility, mainly because stablecoins largely dominate trading pairs in the crypto market. We hardly see any /ETH or /BTC trading pairs now unless you are an experienced trader making specific directional bets.

Surprisingly, these stablecoins have managed to persuade so many users (over $100 billion) to forgo yield in exchange for quick digital dollar exposure. Looking back, it was easier to give up these returns when rates were at 2% or lower, but the post-COVID rate hikes changed everything.

Apart from being a tool for value transfer, the old-school (first-gen) stablecoins didn't have many other functions.

The new wave of stablecoins is changing that. Imagine if your dollars could work for you, earning returns automatically from reserve pools, liquidity providing, re-staking, lending, or even AI-driven infrastructure.

· The initial iterations were just US Treasury bond-backed stablecoins (e.g., ONDO, Mountain, etc.).

· Then Ethena popularized yield-bearing stablecoins based on the basis trade.

· Today, we see new stablecoin protocols innovating in revenue sources and distribution, providing users with a better experience.

These next-generation stablecoins don't just sit in your wallet; they earn yield in ways that were previously only available to hedge funds, market makers, and institutional players. From DeFi-native lending pools to AI-driven financial networks, these yield-bearing stablecoins are unlocking a new form of passive income—of course, accompanied by the risks inherent to their respective strategies.

We are currently in a meme coin bear market, and here are 4 yield-bearing stablecoin protocols pre-TGE:

@capmoney_ - cUSD

Stablecoin Market Cap Surpasses 30 Billion, an Article Exploring the Yield Strategy You Have Overlooked

CAP is a new stablecoin protocol built on MegaETH, allowing users to earn real yield without relying on common DeFi tactics like token emissions. Instead, it leverages external revenue sources such as market making, MEV, and arbitrage, areas where whales have been profiting for years.

The premise of CAP is that now regular users can access these same moneymaking strategies without needing insider connections or a finance degree.

cUSD (CAP's stablecoin) is backed 1:1 by USDC/USDT, meaning it is fully collateralized and always redeemable.

Unlike other yield-bearing stablecoins reliant on DeFi liquidity incentives, CAP shifts the risk to re-stakers—those staking ETH through EigenLayer to protect the protocol.

cUSD has two versions:

· Interest-bearing version: Earns passive income from staking strategies.

· Non-interest-bearing version: Pegged to the US dollar to make it easier to use in DeFi.

CAP will also launch stablecoins pegged to BTC and ETH, allowing users to choose different assets while still earning yield.

Key Data

· DEX token emissions: Most DeFi protocols rely on token emissions to attract liquidity, but this model is not sustainable. The top 5 DEXs emit approximately $462 million per year to maintain liquidity provider engagement.

Many stablecoins rely on these incentives to maintain their peg or generate yield, but this creates a flywheel problem - when emissions dry up, so does liquidity.

· CAP does not rely on token incentives. Instead, it generates real yield from external sources such as MEV, arbitrage, and RWA.

· This makes CAP's stablecoin more scalable and resilient, avoiding the issue of liquidity drying up.

· Users earn yield without depending on new token emissions, making it sustainable in any market condition.

LP and MEV: LPs earned over $20 billion last year, with MEV profits on Ethereum alone reaching $686 million.

Real World Assets (RWA): Most stablecoins overlook corporate bonds, a $40 trillion market. While some use treasuries, they rely on centralized custodians.

CAP doesn't rely on traditional financial intermediaries - instead, it integrates RWA revenue streams and crypto-native strategies (like MEV and arbitrage). Operators can deploy funds into bonds, RWA, and structured yield products, while re-stakers provide risk coverage.

This approach offers higher, more consistent returns without relying on unsustainable DeFi incentives - bridging traditional finance with DeFi.

Scores and Airdrop Programs

CAP currently does not have a distinct scoring system.

@ResolvLabs - USR

Resolv is a stablecoin protocol issuing USR, a stablecoin pegged to the US dollar and fully backed by ETH. Unlike stablecoins backed by fiat reserves or treasuries, Resolv keeps its system on-chain while hedging ETH price volatility through perpetual futures.

USR is 100% backed by ETH and overcollateralized through the RLP (Resolv Liquidity Pool).

· ETH Backing: The protocol holds ETH collateral and hedges price risk through shorting futures.

· On-chain Collateral: Most of the ETH is staked to generate yield.

· Institutional Custody: A portion held as margin for futures trading.

Key Data

· Total Value Locked (TVL): $5.45 billion

· stUSR APR: Around 2%

· RLP APR: Around 1.5%

· New Revenue Stream: Lagoon Finance offers approximately 11% base APR for WETH deposits

Earnings and Profit Distribution

Users can stake USR (stUSR) to earn rewards, while RLP holders receive an additional risk premium. Profits come from:

· ETH Staking Rewards

· Futures Positions

· Protocol Fees (0.05% instant redemption)

If the protocol incurs a loss, RLP holders will absorb the loss to ensure the stablecoin remains fully backed.

Point and Airdrop Program

Resolv has a point system that rewards users based on their activity.

· Base Rate: 15 points per 1 USR per day

· Early Adopters get an additional 150% points, totaling 37.5 points per USR per day

· Bonus Points: Users can earn additional points through various activities, with detailed information shared on Resolv's social media channels.

Recent Updates and Integrations

· Instant Redemption: Now open to whitelisted users, with a daily limit of 1 million USR.

· Superstate Industry Council Member: Strengthening the connection between traditional finance and DeFi.

· Binance Wallet Integration: Streamlining access to Resolv.

Resolv is fully backed by ETH, designed to be more secure and sustainable.

· Overcollateralized with ETH instead of relying on fiat reserves.

· Mitigates ETH price volatility through Delta-neutral hedging strategies.

· Provides real returns from staking and futures rather than token emissions.

· Minimizes custody risk by keeping the majority of assets on-chain.

@noble_xyz - USDN

Noble issues USDN, a stablecoin that earns rewards simply by holding it. USDN is fully backed by short-term U.S. Treasury bonds, ensuring the security of your funds and earning real-world returns without the need for collateral or locking up assets.

USDN is 100% collateralized by U.S. Treasury bonds through the M^0 protocol.

· Fully backed by U.S. Treasury bonds—no algorithmic support or risky assets.

· Collateral audited and verified by an asset management firm.

· Unrestricted—buy, sell, transfer, or redeem USDN anytime.

Key Data

· Total Supply: 37.7 million USDN

· Total Holders: 2,972

· Collateral (U.S. Treasury bonds): $1.583 billion

· Liabilities (Unredeemed USDN): $1.526 billion

· Reserve Buffer: $5.7 million

· Estimated APY: 4.2% (paid daily)

· Total Daily Reward: $3,216.41

Earning Rewards with USDN

· Base APY of 4.2%—accrues from the moment you hold USDN.

· Enhanced Yield Treasury — Deposit USDN to earn additional yield from users who lock funds to receive points.

Points and Airdrop Program

Noble rewards USDN holders who lock funds in the Points Treasury to receive points.

· Daily 1+ Point per 100 USDN

· Multiplier increases based on holding period:

 30-59 days: x1

 60-89 days: x1.25

 90-119 days: x1.5

 120+ days: x1.75

· Additional rewards are given when the Total Value Locked (TVL) of USDN reaches milestones (e.g., $10 million, $50 million, and $100 million).

Recent Updates and Integrations

· USDN StableSwap Launch — Supports native exchange of stable assets.

· Cross-chain Transfers — Achieved through Wormhole NTT for full multi-chain support.

· Auditing and Transparency — Backed by a top security firm.

@levelusd - lvlUSD

Level is a decentralized stablecoin protocol that issues lvlUSD, a stablecoin fully backed by USDC and USDT. Unlike traditional stablecoins, lvlUSD generates DeFi-native yield by providing its collateral to lending protocols like Aave and Morpho.

This yield is then distributed to users, making lvlUSD an interest-bearing stablecoin designed to seamlessly integrate into DeFi.

lvlUSD is 100% backed by USDC and USDT, with the reserve deployed in blue-chip DeFi lending protocols to generate yield.

· Lending Yield: USDC and USDT deposited in Aave and Morpho lending markets.

· Re-Staking Reward: Some borrowed asset tokens (such as aUSDC) are restaked in Symbiotic to earn additional rewards.

· Fully On-Chain Transparent: Users can verify the reserve at any time.

Earning Yield through lvlUSD

· Stake lvlUSD to receive slvlUSD, accumulating rewards automatically.

· Use lvlUSD in DeFi — swap, trade, or provide liquidity on multiple platforms.

· Additional Re-Staking Rewards — additional earnings from restaking assets in Symbiotic and EigenLayer.

Points and Airdrop Plan

Level offers Level XP, a points-based reward system geared towards active users.

Ways to earn XP:

· Deposit lvlUSD into the XP Farm

· Hold Pendle, Spectra, or Curve LP tokens

· Use lvlUSD as collateral on Morpho

· Multiplier System:

 Earn 40x XP with LP or YT tokens

 Earn 20x XP with slvlUSD

 Earn 10x XP with lvlUSD

· Additional XP from partner protocols: Users earn extra points from protocols such as Resolv, Frax, Elixir, and Angle.

Recent Updates and Integrations

· Expanded Borrowing Yield Sources — More protocols besides Aave are set to be launched.

· Re-Staking Integration — lvlUSD earnings are now enhanced through Symbiotic re-staking rewards.

· Cross-Chain Expansion — lvlUSD becomes more composable in the DeFi ecosystem.

What's Next?

Frankly, most of the yield from these stablecoins has not come from novel assets. Aside from possibly incorporating MEV and hedge fund treasury strategies, most have been competing with existing players, using similar types of productive assets.

It's interesting to see how stablecoin protocols tap into novel assets (whether tangible or intangible) and whether on-chain native wealth has enough interest.

For instance, we've seen some projects in the past attempt to generate yield through private credit or small business loans, but the results have been underwhelming. A significant off-chain component has hindered the protocol from creating an on-chain capital flywheel, and the interest from crypto-native whales (non-crypto-native whales don't need an on-chain rail to access these exposures) has been lacking.

Stablecoins have come a long way from being secure vaults of value. The next generation of stablecoins aims to change the game by providing real yield from productive assets. With DeFi maturing, yield-bearing stablecoins will become a core financial primitive, bridging the gap between crypto and traditional finance.

However, what remains to be seen is what other types of assets can be tapped into to propel this yield-bearing stablecoin to new heights. Perhaps we merely need to expand it without introducing novel assets, and only time will tell us the answer.

Original post: 「Original Post Link

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Never Underestimate the Significance of the US Stablecoin 'Infrastructure Bill'

Original Title: "Never Underestimate the Significance of the US Stablecoin 'Genius Act'"Original Author: 0xTodd, Partner at Nothing Research


If the US stablecoin bill, the "GENIUS Act," passes smoothly this time, its significance will be tremendous. I even think it's significant enough to enter the top five in Crypto history.



Although abbreviated as the GENIUS Act, which translates directly to the Genius Act, it is actually the Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for U.S. Stablecoins, which translates to "Guiding and Establishing National Innovation for US Dollar Stablecoins."


The proposal is lengthy, with several key points summarized for everyone:


· Mandatory 1:1 Full Asset Backing: Assets include cash, demand deposits, and short-term US Treasuries. At the same time, misappropriation and rehypothecation are strictly prohibited.


· High-Frequency Disclosure: Reserve reports must be published at least monthly, introducing external audits.


· Licensing Requirement: Once the circulating market cap of the issuer's stablecoin exceeds $100 billion, it must transition into the federal regulatory system within a specified timeframe, adopting banking-grade regulation.


· Introduction of Custody: The custodian of the stablecoin and its reserve assets must be a regulated qualified financial institution.


· Clear Definition as a Payment Medium: The bill explicitly defines stablecoin as a new type of payment medium, primarily regulated by the banking regulatory system, rather than restricted by the securities or commodities regulatory system.


· Embracing Existing Stablecoins: A maximum 18-month grace period after the bill's enactment, aimed at encouraging existing stablecoin issuers (such as USDT, USDC, etc.) to promptly obtain licenses or become compliant.


After finishing the main content, let's talk about the significance of this matter with an excited heart.


Over the years, when others asked, "After working in the Crypto industry for 16 years, what application have you created?"


In the future, you can confidently tell others—Stablecoins.


First, Clearing Concerns is a Prerequisite


Some people have held opposing views. In the past, people's impression of stablecoins was that they were an opaque black box. Every few months, there would be FUD — whether Tether's assets were frozen or Circle had a significant black hole deficit.


In fact, if you think about it, Tether easily rakes in billions of dollars a year just from the interest on those underlying government bonds. Circle, slightly less, also made a $1.7 billion profit last year.


They basically made money while standing there. From a motivational standpoint, they have no malicious intentions. In fact, they are the most eager for compliance.


Now, this opaque black box will become a transparent white box.


In the past, the only complaint was that Tether's funds might have been frozen by the United States. Now, they will be directly placed into U.S. compliant custodial institutions, with high-frequency disclosures, so you can rest assured.


【No need to worry about a rug pull】 is such a huge advantage—I think especially all Crypto people understand this.


Second, Mastering the Standard is Very Important


Stablecoins were once almost on the verge of being overtaken by CBDCs. In any country, if a central bank digital currency really exists, it is highly likely not built on a blockchain, at most it is built on some internal central bank consortium chain, which to be honest, is meaningless.


When CBDCs were at their peak, that was the most dangerous time for stablecoins.


If CBDCs had become a reality back then, stablecoins today would have been relentlessly suppressed into a dark corner, and blockchain would only be able to play a minimal role.


The remaining half-dead stablecoins would even have to learn the standards of central bank digital currencies, completely relinquishing their standard-setting power.


And now, stablecoins have won (or are about to).


Instead, everyone should learn the 【Blockchain + Token】 standard.


Nowadays, many blockchains actually have no meaningful applications on top, only stablecoin transfers. For example, with Aptos, the only scenario I use Aptos for is transfers between Binance and OKX.


And now, stablecoins will be legislated, what does that mean?


That's right, blockchain will become the only standard.


In the future, every stablecoin user will be the first to learn how to use a wallet.


As an aside, I actually think Ethereum's concerted push for EIP-7702 is quite forward-thinking. While other chains are all about memes, thank you Ethereum for sticking to account abstraction.



EIP-7702 is about Account Abstraction, which can support, for example:


· Social Account Registration Wallet

· Paying GAS with Native Coin

· And more


This paves the way for future new users to heavily use stablecoins, solving the last-mile problem.


Third, Deposit Enters a New Era


Furthermore, once stablecoins receive legislative support, deposits and withdrawals will become even easier.


Let's imagine a scenario: previously, hindered by the gray nature of stablecoins, but after the bill passes, many traditional brokerages can support stablecoins themselves. The money from a US stock investor can be converted into stablecoins in minutes and instantly deposited into Coinbase. Believe it or not.



Let's imagine another scenario: if the brilliant bill smoothly passes through the House of Representatives, next, you will see:


Due to the extremely lucrative nature of this trading, existing stablecoin leaders and newly entering traditional giants will crazily start promoting their stablecoin products.


And an outsider, due to these promotions, will start using stablecoins. And then one day, after finding out that the wallet account has been created, will explore Bitcoin inside. Is mining Bitcoin difficult?


Stablecoins are a huge Trojan horse. The moment you start using stablecoins, you unwittingly step half a foot into the Crypto world.


Fourth, Conclusion


As a large reservoir for digesting US debt, although stablecoins cannot directly absorb debt, they at least provide ammunition for the US debt secondary market. These functions are quite important, and slowly, stablecoins are becoming a part of the US debt market's body. Therefore, once the US legislation is passed and experiences the benefits, there is no turning back.


And, we are also confident that stablecoins are indeed one of the great innovations in our industry. People who have used stablecoins will find it hard to return to the traditional cash-banking system.


Once the bill is passed, users can't go back. In the future, concerns are about to be resolved, standards will be mastered, and the era of large deposits seems to be on the horizon.


Original Article Link

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$COIN Joins S&P 500, but Coinbase Isn't Celebrating

On May 13, S&P Dow Jones Indices announced that Coinbase would officially replace Discover Financial Services in the S&P 500 on May 19. While other companies like Block and MicroStrategy, closely tied to Bitcoin, were already part of the S&P 500, Coinbase became the first cryptocurrency exchange whose primary business is in the index. This also signifies that cryptocurrency is gradually moving from the fringes to the mainstream in the U.S.



On the day of the announcement, Coinbase's stock price surged by 23%, surpassing the $250 mark. However, just 3 days later, Coinbase was hit by two consecutive events: a hack where employees were bribed to steal customer data and a demand for a $20 million ransom, and an investigation by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) into the authenticity of its claim of having over 100 million "verified users" in its securities filings and marketing materials. These two events acted as mini-bombs, and at the time of writing, Coinbase's stock had already dropped by over 7.3%.


Coincidentally, Discover Financial Services, being replaced by Coinbase, can also be considered the "Coinbase" of the previous payment era. Discover is a U.S.-based digital banking and payment services company headquartered in Illinois, founded in 1960. Its payment network, Discover Network, is the fourth largest payment network apart from Visa, Mastercard, and American Express.


In April, after the approval of the acquisition of Discover by the sixth-largest U.S. bank, Capital One, this well-established digital banking company of over 60 years smoothly handed over its S&P 500 "seat" to this emerging cryptocurrency "bank." This unexpected coincidence also portrayed the handover between the new and old eras in Coinbase's entry into the S&P 500, resembling a relay race scene. However, this relay baton also brought Coinbase's accumulated "external troubles and internal strife" to a tipping point.


Side Effects of ETFs


Over the past decade, cryptocurrency exchanges have been the most stable "profit machines." They play a role in providing liquidity to the entire industry and rely on trading fees to sustain their operations. However, with the comprehensive rollout of ETF products in the U.S. market, this profit model is facing unprecedented challenges. As the leader in the "American stack," with over 80% of its business coming from the U.S., Coinbase is most affected by this.



Starting from the approval of Bitcoin and Ethereum spot ETFs, traditional financial capital has significantly onboarded users and funds that originally belonged to exchanges in a more cost-effective, compliant, and transparent manner. The transaction fee revenue of cryptocurrency exchanges has started to decline, and this trend may further intensify in the coming months.


According to Coinbase's 2024 Q4 financial report, the platform's total trading revenue was $417 million, a 45% year-on-year decrease. The contribution of BTC and ETH's trading revenue dropped from 65% in the same period last year to less than 50%.


This decline is not a result of a decrease in market enthusiasm. In fact, since the approval of the Bitcoin ETF in January 2024, the inflow of BTC into the U.S. market has continued to reach new highs, with asset management giants like BlackRock and Fidelity rapidly expanding their management scale. Data shows that BlackRock's iShares Bitcoin ETF (IBIT) alone has surpassed $17 billion in assets under management. As of mid-May 2025, the cumulative net inflow of 11 major institutional Bitcoin spot ETFs on the market has exceeded $41.5 billion, with a total net asset value of $1214.69 billion, accounting for approximately 5.91% of the total Bitcoin market capitalization.


Chart showing the trend of net outflows for Grayscale among the 11 institutions


Institutional investors and some retail investors are shifting towards ETF products, partly due to compliance and tax considerations. On one hand, ETFs have much lower trading costs compared to cryptocurrency exchanges. While Coinbase's spot trading fee rate varies annually in a tiered manner but averages around 1.49%, for example, the management fee for IBIT ETF is only 0.25%, and the majority of ETF institution fees fluctuate around 0.15% to 0.25%.



In other words, the more rational users are, the more likely they are to move from exchanges to ETF products, especially for investors aiming for long-term holdings.


According to multiple sources, several institutions, including VanEck and Grayscale, have submitted applications to the SEC for a Solana (SOL) ETF, with some institutions also planning to submit an XRP ETF proposal. Once approved, this may trigger a new round of fund migration. According to a report submitted by Coinbase to the SEC, as of April, the platform's trading revenue from XRP and Solana accounted for 18% and 10%, nearly one-third of the platform's fee revenue.



However, the Bitcoin and Ethereum ETFs passed in 2024 also reduced the fees for these two tokens on Coinbase from 30% and 15% to 26% and 10%, respectively. If the SOL and XRP ETFs are approved, it will further undermine the core fee revenue of exchanges like Coinbase.


The expansion of ETF products is gradually weakening the financial intermediary status of cryptocurrency exchanges. From their original roles as matchmakers and clearers to now gradually becoming mere "on-ramps and off-ramps" for funds, exchanges are seeing their marginal value squeezed by ETFs.


Robinhood Takes a Stand, Traditional Brokerages Join the Fray


On May 12, 2025, SEC Chairman Paul S. Atkins gave a keynote speech at the Tokenization and Cryptocurrency Working Group roundtable. The theme of his speech revolved around "It is a new day at the SEC," where he indicated that the SEC would not approach enforcement and regulation the same way as before but would instead pave the way for cryptocurrency assets in the U.S. market.



With signs of cryptocurrency compliance such as the SEC's "NEW DAY" declaration, an increasing number of traditional brokerages are attempting to enter the cryptocurrency industry. One of the most representative cases is the well-known U.S. brokerage Robinhood, which began expanding its crypto business in 2018. By the time of its IPO in 2021, Robinhood's crypto business revenue accounted for over 50% of the company, with a significant boost from the Dogecoin "moonshot" promoted by Musk.


In Q1 2025 earnings report, Robinhood showcased strong growth, especially in revenue from cryptocurrency and options trading. Fueled by Trump's Memecoin, cryptocurrency-related revenue reached $250 million, nearly doubling year-over-year. Consequently, Robinhood Gold subscription users reached 3.5 million, a 90% increase from the previous year, with the rapid growth of Robinhood Gold providing the company with a stable source of income.



Meanwhile, RobinHood is actively pursuing acquisitions in the cryptocurrency space. In 2024, it announced a $2 billion acquisition of the long-standing European cryptocurrency exchange Bitstamp. Additionally, Canada's largest cryptocurrency CEX, WonderFi, which recently went public on the Toronto Stock Exchange, also announced its integration with RobinHood Crypto. After obtaining virtual asset licenses in the UK, Canada, Singapore, and other markets, RobinHood has taken a proactive approach in the compliant cryptocurrency trading market.



Furthermore, an increasing number of brokerage firms are exploring the same path. Futu Securities, Tiger Brokers, and others are also dipping their toes into cryptocurrency trading, with some having applied for or obtained the VA license from the Hong Kong SFC. Although their user bases are currently small, traditional brokerages have a natural advantage in user trust, regulatory licenses, and low fee structures. This could pose a threat to native cryptocurrency platforms in the future.



User Data Breach: Is Coinbase Still Secure?


In April 2025, security researchers discovered that some Coinbase user data was leaked on the dark web. While the platform initially responded by attributing it to a "technical misinformation," it still raised concerns among users regarding its security and privacy protection. Just two days before Dow Jones Indexes announced Coinbase's addition to the S&P 500 Index, on May 11, 2025, Coinbase received an email from an unknown threat actor claiming to have obtained customer account information and internal documents, demanding a $20 million ransom to keep the data private. Subsequent investigations confirmed the data breach.


Cybercriminals obtained the data by bribing overseas customer service agents and support staff, mainly in "non-U.S. regions such as India." These agents abused their access to Coinbase's internal customer support system and stole customer data. As early as February this year, blockchain detective ZachXBT revealed on X platform that between December 2024 and January 2025, Coinbase users lost over $65 million to social engineering scams, with the actual amount potentially higher.


Among the victims was a well-known figure, 67-year-old Ed Suman, an established artist in the art world for nearly two decades, having been involved in the creation of artworks such as Jeff Koons' "Balloon Dog" sculpture. Earlier this year, he fell victim to an impersonation scam involving fake Coinbase customer support, resulting in a loss of over $2 million in cryptocurrency. ZachXBT critiqued Coinbase for its inadequate handling of such scams, noting that other major exchanges have not faced similar issues and recommending Coinbase to enhance its security measures.


Amidst a series of ongoing social engineering incidents, although there has not been any impact on user assets at the technical level so far, it has raised concerns among many retail and institutional investors. Especially institutions holding massive assets on Coinbase. Just considering the U.S. BTC ETF institutions, as of mid-May 2025, they collectively hold nearly 840,000 BTC, and 75% of these are custodied by Coinbase. If we price BTC at $100,000, this amount reaches a staggering $63 billion, which is equivalent to the nominal GDP of two Iceland in the year 2024.


Visualization: ChatGPT, Source: Farside


In addition, Coinbase Custody also serves over 300 institutional clients, including hedge funds, family offices, pension funds, and endowments. As of the Q1 2025 financial report, Coinbase's total assets under management (including institutional and retail clients) reached $404 billion. The specific amount of institutional custodied assets was not explicitly disclosed in the latest report, but it should still be over 50% based on the Q4 2024 report.


Visualization: ChatGPT


Once this security barrier is breached, not only could the rate of user attrition far exceed expectations, but more importantly, institutional trust in it would undermine the foundation of its business. Therefore, after a hacking event, Coinbase's stock price plummeted significantly.


CEXs are All in Self-Rescue Mode


Facing a decline in spot trading fee revenue, Coinbase is also accelerating its transformation, attempting to find growth opportunities in derivatives and emerging assets. Coinbase acquired a stake in the options platform Deribit at the end of 2024 and announced the official launch of perpetual contract products in 2025. This acquisition fills in Coinbase's gap in options trading and its relatively small global market share.



Deribit has a strong presence in non-U.S. markets, especially in Asia and Europe. The acquisition has enabled Coinbase to gain a dominant position in bitcoin and ethereum options trading on Deribit, accounting for approximately 80% of the global options trading volume, with daily trading volume remaining above $2 billion.


Meanwhile, 80-90% of Deribit's customer base consists of institutional investors, with their professionalism and liquidity in the Bitcoin and Ethereum options market highly favored by institutions. Coinbase's compliance advantage, coupled with its already robust institutional ecosystem, makes it even more suitable. By using institutions as an entry point, it can face the squeeze from giants like Binance and OKX in the derivatives market.



Facing a similar dilemma is Kraken, which is attempting to replicate Binance Futures' model in non-U.S. markets. Since the derivatives market relies more on professional users, fee rates are relatively higher and stickiness is stronger, making it a significant source of revenue for exchanges. In the first half of 2025, Kraken completed the acquisition of TradeStation Crypto and a futures exchange, aiming to build a complete derivatives trading ecosystem to hedge the risk of declining spot transaction fee income.


With the surge of Memecoin in 2024, Binance, OKX, and various CEX platforms began massively listing small-market-cap, highly volatile tokens to activate active trading users. Due to the wealth effect and trading activity of Memecoins, Coinbase was also forced to join the battle, successively listing popular tokens from the Solana ecosystem such as BOOK OF MEME and Dogwifhat. Although these coins are controversial, they are frequently traded, with fee rates several times higher than mainstream coins, serving as a "blood-boosting" method for spot trading.


However, due to its status as a publicly traded company, this practice is a riskier endeavor for Coinbase. Even in the current crypto-friendly environment, the SEC is still investigating whether tokens like SOL, ADA, and SAND constitute securities.


In addition to the forced transformation strategies carried out by the aforementioned CEXs, they are also starting to lay out RWAs and the most talked-about stablecoin payment fields, such as the PYUSD launched through a collaboration between Coinbase and Paypal, Coinbase's support for the Euro stablecoin EURC by Circle that complies with EU MiCA regulatory requirements, or the USD1 launched through a collaboration between Binance and WIFL. In the increasingly crowded trading field, many CEXs have shifted their focus from just the trading market to the application field.


The golden age of transaction fees has quietly ended, and the second half of the crypto exchange platform game has silently begun.


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