Stock Market Inflow into <code>Bitcoin Fentanyl</code>
Imagine this scenario: when your company is facing a crisis of closure, all you need to do is issue more shares for purchase, or simply announce that Bitcoin will be used as an asset reserve, easily defeating the annoying short sellers, and transitioning from the brink of liquidation back to the center of market attention. If this were true, would you do it?
As $MSTR once again became a buzzword in the investment circle, Bitcoin is rapidly taking over the balance sheets of global enterprises. In this new capital game centered around Bitcoin, some are chasing trends, some are poorly imitating, and some are finding new business opportunities, transforming into orchestrators behind the scenes creating "price miracles."
The Journey of MSTR
In 2024, MSTR's stock price soared by 477%, ranking second among US tech companies with a market value exceeding $5 billion, second only to AppLovin. The Bitcoin investment also brought the company a staggering $13.14 billion in unrealized gains, driving the market cap to surpass $100 billion, becoming a star enterprise in the US stock market.
As of April 2025, the company holds a total of 528,185 BTC, with a cost basis of approximately $33.14 billion, an average purchase price of $66,385 per Bitcoin. At the current Bitcoin price of around $81,400, the total market value is about $43 billion, accounting for over 2.5% of the global circulation.
Related Read: "The strategy of "issuing debt to buy coins" remains the same, why did MSTR's premium suddenly soar?"
As early as August 2020, at the end of the bear market in the crypto market, MicroStrategy first purchased 21,454 BTC in the $10,000 range, initiating the "Bitcoin Treasury Reserve Strategy" and becoming the first publicly traded company to allocate a significant portion of its treasury to Bitcoin.
Subsequently, the company continued to accumulate during downturns from 2020 to 2022 and steadily increased its holdings in 2023. With Bitcoin entering a bull market from 2024 to 2025, MicroStrategy further accelerated its accumulation, forming a clear operational path of "building a bottom during the bear market and accelerating during the bull market." The frenzy of the stock price is like a stone thrown into a pond, creating ripples. Enterprises all began to ask themselves: if we can't outperform Bitcoin, why not just buy it?
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According to data from Bitcointreasuries, as of April 16, 2025, a total of 178 entities hold over 3.16 million BTC, with public companies holding approximately 665,636 BTC, and this number is rapidly increasing. This "Micro" trend is sweeping the globe, involving 26 US-listed companies, 22 Canadian-listed companies, and 8 Chinese (including Hong Kong) listed companies, including some previously undervalued, seldom-noticed edge companies.

Image Source: bitcointreasuries.net
Represented by Hongya Holdings, a group of traditional businesses that were originally on the fringes are undergoing a narrative shift by incorporating Bitcoin into their operations.
Previously a low-profile fringe company mainly engaged in wholesale and retail of prepaid products (such as SIM cards and vouchers), the company made its first Bitcoin purchase in February 2025, spending $96,150 on 1 Bitcoin. Following this news, the company's stock price surged by 93%.
Having tasted success, Hongya Holdings continued to accumulate Bitcoin for three consecutive days, becoming the first listed company in Greater China to officially include Bitcoin in its balance sheet.
GameStop, the retail giant that gained fame during the 2021 "retail investor battle," announced on March 27, 2025, that it would issue $1.3 billion in zero-coupon convertible bonds to purchase Bitcoin. Prior to the announcement, its stock price surged over 18% in pre-market trading due to related rumors. Following MicroStrategy's lead, a Japanese company named Metaplanet saw its stock price soar by approximately 4000% after purchasing Bitcoin in April 2024, setting a 2025 target of holding 10,000 Bitcoins.
Aside from GameStop, Hongya Holdings, and Metaplanet, other publicly traded companies worldwide, originally unrelated to the crypto sector, are stealthily emulating the MicroStrategy model. They are making a bold bet on Bitcoin to hedge against inflation and speculate on the future.
For instance, Eric Semler, CEO of the U.S. medical company Semler Scientific, stated, "Not holding Bitcoin is irresponsible to shareholders." In India, the board of directors of Jerking company has approved a significant Bitcoin purchase. KULR Technology directly allocated 90% of its corporate cash reserves to gradually buy Bitcoin, while Canadian cannabis company LEEF Brands issued a $5 million bond to support Bitcoin. Boyaa in Hong Kong swapped $50 million worth of Ethereum for Bitcoin.
Related Reading: "Publicly Listed Companies Flock to Buy BTC: Revealing the Top 15 Profit Leaders, Who Grew Nearly 30 Times?"
From healthcare to cannabis, from North America to Asia, companies from different industries seem to be swept up by the same trend, diving headfirst into a field they may have been completely unfamiliar with. Since then, Bitcoin is becoming an increasingly prominent figure on many companies' balance sheets.

The "Golden Finger" Behind the Price Miracle: Market Makers, White Gloves, and Eric Trump
When capital meets political leverage, it always leads to many "price miracles." This wave, represented by MicroStrategy, is far more complex than it appears on the surface. Starting from the market frenzy sparked by the re-election of the "crypto president" Trump, everything began to heat up rapidly.
With the Trump administration pushing forward the Bitcoin Strategic Reserve Plan and the SEC's repeated relaxation of crypto regulations, these policies acted as a tailwind, propelling the Bitcoin price to nearly $110,000, nearing its all-time high. As the crypto industry and politicians take advantage of each other, the underlying currents are often unknown to many.
In this global stock market surge intertwined with crypto market frenzy, UTXO Management and Sora Ventures seized the opportunity, transforming into market makers in the capital market, successively pushing various "meme stocks" to the center stage.
Leverage Effect
If you have recently been paying attention to the Hong Kong or Japanese stock markets, you may be puzzled by the sudden skyrocketing of some strange companies.
A budget hotel operator, a game developer relying on Texas Hold'em, and an old telecom company selling data cards, despite having almost no outstanding business points, managed to see their stock prices surge several times or even thousands of percentage points in a short period. What kind of magic potion have these originally failing "distressed stocks" drunk?
Let's first look at the most typical case, Metaplanet. This company originally named Red Planet was a budget hotel operator. In 2024, CEO Simon, a Harvard graduate and former Tokyo Goldman Sachs executive, renamed the company to Metaplanet after selling most of the hotel business. This CEO also serves as Chairman of Red Planet Hotels and the head of a real estate company in Thailand.
In addition to its core BTC strategy, Metaplanet is redeveloping its remaining hotel into "The Bitcoin Hotel," set to open in the third quarter of 2025, aiming to provide companies with a one-stop service from finance, operations to Bitcoin education.

Metaplanet Business Scope (holding btc, btc education, btc-themed hotel), Image Source: Metaplanet
Through this series of capital operations, Metaplanet became the "first publicly traded Japanese company holding Bitcoin," accumulating approximately 3050 BTC in a short period of time and issuing a 2 billion yen bond in 2024 to continue building its position. Its stock price also skyrocketed over 4000% from a long-term low of below 50 yen.
In April 2024, Jason Fang, the founder of Sora Ventures, wrote on his personal Twitter account that Metaplanet is the "first MicroStrategy in Asia" and, through collaborations with UTXO Management, Mark Yusko, and others, helped Metaplanet integrate Bitcoin into its balance sheet, becoming Japan's first publicly traded company holding Bitcoin.

This is the first time Jason Fang, as a board member of Metaplanet, has brought Sora Ventures to the forefront. In fact, Sora has been very aggressive along the path of "replicating MicroStrategy."
A similar operation seemed to have also taken place in the same year with the Hong Kong-listed gaming company Boyaa Interactive.
Founded in 2004, Boyaa focuses on card games such as Texas Hold'em. The founder, Zhang Wei, a graduate of Shenzhen University, saw the stock price rise from 5.35 Hong Kong dollars to 15.16 Hong Kong dollars fueled by Chinese gamers' enthusiasm. However, as the hype faded, the company quickly fell to the bottom, lingering below 1 Hong Kong dollar for years. On November 14, 2023, Boyaa announced a $100 million investment to enter the cryptocurrency space, focusing on Bitcoin and Ethereum.
In November 2024, the company suddenly and prominently announced the conversion of 14,200 ETH from its asset sheet into 515 BTC, increasing its total holdings to 3,183 BTC, surpassing Japan's Metaplanet in one fell swoop, causing its stock price to surge 9 times within a year. Subsequently, in December, Sora Ventures announced the establishment of a $150 million fund dedicated to promoting the adoption of Bitcoin treasury strategies by Asian publicly traded companies, with Boyaa Interactive as its first pilot.
Another noteworthy detail is that in July 2024, Boyaa publicly announced a $1 million investment in the UTXO Management Bitcoin Ecosystem Fund, aiming to increase Boyaa's transitional exposure through BTC Inc.'s resources such as Bitcoin Magazine.
It's not just Sora Venture walking the "Replication Road." In the two cases mentioned above, we can also see the shadow of another "good helper" – UTXO Management.
Behind the push to adopt a Bitcoin strategy for Metaplanet, UTXO Management also played a crucial role. Its partner, Dylan LeClair, served as Metaplanet's Bitcoin Strategy Director, Tyler Evans as an independent director for Metaplanet, and UTXO is a major investment institution for Metaplanet.
This year, the two institutions once again joined forces to orchestrate another "price miracle" in the Hong Kong stock market.
In early 2025, Sora Ventures and UTXO Management teamed up to spend approximately HK$126 million to acquire more than 70% of Hong Asia Holdings' equity, taking over the company.
Hong Asia Holdings was originally a company that relied on selling data cards and running traditional distribution, with extremely low profits. It had long been relegated to the category of "penny stocks" in the Hong Kong stock market (stock price below 1 Hong Kong dollar). After the acquisition, the company was renamed Moon Inc., underwent a thorough "encryption" overhaul from the board to management, and promptly established a "Bitcoin-centric" financial strategy.

Image Source: http://1723.HK
However, as of the time of the draft, the company only held 28.88 BTC in its account. Hong Kong financial commentator Li Ming bluntly stated, "With such a small position, it doesn't even qualify as probing." Nonetheless, after the company initially announced the purchase of 1 BTC, the stock price quickly rose from 0.29 Hong Kong dollars to 0.38 Hong Kong dollars, an increase of approximately 31%. As of April 17, 2025, it closed at 4.84 Hong Kong dollars, down 32.5% from its 52-week high, but still up approximately 1669% from the year's start of 0.29 Hong Kong dollars.
A terminally ill company is often a low-cost, high-return target for transformation. "Trash shell companies" like Metaplanet and Hongya Holdings had long been trading at a low price before the Bitcoin strategy was implemented. What Sora and UTXO were interested in was not the business of these companies, but rather their cheap shell resources and the potential for capital magnification.
Trump Family's "Bitcoin Operator"
In the global stock market of 2024, Sora Ventures and UTXO Management acted like two highly skilled chess players, making moves frequently.
In 2024, Sora Ventures, in collaboration with UTXO Management, launched the $2 million Sora TTP Fund, betting on the TTP ecosystem under the Ordinals protocol, becoming the world's first decentralized index fund based on Ordinals. It attracted participation from founders of BTSE and Origin Protocol. With the help of UTXO and Bitcoin Magazine's promotion, the $PIPE token skyrocketed by 150% within a month.
Sora Ventures' story began in Hong Kong in 2017, where founder Jason Fang accumulated rich experience at the BTSE exchange and established this investment firm focused on the Bitcoin ecosystem. Initially, Sora mainly focused on early-stage Web3 investments, with assets under management exceeding $1 billion. By 2024, the company's ambitions began to emerge: driving Asian listed companies to adopt Bitcoin as a core treasury strategy on a large scale.

Behind Sora's expansion lies the close collaboration with UTXO. In the case of Metaplanet, UTXO brought in Eric Trump, the son of Trump, to serve as an advisor. Over the past period, this crypto believer has been giving the green light to the Trump family's crypto empire through World Liberty Financial.

Left: Eric and Simon's group photo, Right: Metaplanet core members; Image source: X, Metaplanet
So, what is UTXO's background?
The story of UTXO Management begins in the state of Tennessee, USA, as part of BTC Inc. (publisher of "Bitcoin Magazine" and organizer of Bitcoin conferences). They initially focused on allocating Bitcoin assets for high-net-worth clients and had invested in over 60 mining and early-stage project companies as early as 2013.
As the Bitcoin ETF was approved in 2024 (with BlackRock recommending a 5% allocation, signaling to traditional capital that Bitcoin was now "allocatable"), UTXO quickly saw the opportunity of institutional capital and began to transition. UTXO's hedge fund, 210k Capital, emerged as a newcomer in this transformation, achieving a 164% annual return with a heavy Strategy and Metaplanet investment, placing them in the top five of the HFR.
Their Chief Investment Officer, Tyler Evans, proudly stated, "80% of our portfolio is concentrated in Bitcoin-related stocks, with Metaplanet and Strategy being the main sources of returns." These companies, through "securitizing Bitcoin," provided the most comfortable entry for institutional investors (such as the Wisconsin Teachers' Pension Fund and the Abu Dhabi Sovereign Wealth Fund) to enter the Bitcoin market with significant capital.
At the same time, The Smarter Web Company, invested in by UTXO Management, plans to IPO on the UK's Aquis Exchange, being dubbed the "UK version of Metaplanet," with its Bitcoin finance model penetrating the European market. This series of moves by UTXO, all trace back to the well-resourced parent company, BTC Inc., and are not devoid of the implicit assistance of the Trump family's political resources.

The relationship between BTC Inc. and the Trump family goes far beyond surface-level cooperation, deeply rooted in the intertwining of business interests and political resources.
As BTC Inc., publisher of "Bitcoin Magazine" and the world's largest Bitcoin conference organizer, leveraged its strong industry influence to provide a platform for the Trump family's public opinion control and, through a series of business collaborations, supported the Trump family.
This relationship can be traced back to Trump's 2024 election campaign, where, during the Bitcoin 2024 conference hosted by BTC Inc., Trump publicly endorsed the cryptocurrency industry for the first time as a presidential candidate. BTC Inc. CEO David Bailey personally organized a high-profile fundraising dinner with a ticket price as high as $846,000 per person, raising $25 million in campaign funds.
During his speech, Trump repeatedly mentioned the support of BTC Inc. and praised it as the "backbone of the Bitcoin community." During the campaign, BTC Inc. continuously reported on Trump's crypto policy stance through Bitcoin Magazine, garnering support from a significant portion of the crypto industry voters.
After a successful campaign, BTC Inc. continued to provide a platform for the Trump family's crypto policy through its hosted conferences. From December 9 to 10, 2024, at the Abu Dhabi Bitcoin MENA Conference, Trump's son Eric Trump served as a keynote speaker, predicting that Bitcoin would reach $1 million and emphasizing that his father would become the "most crypto-supportive president in history."

The relationship between BTC Inc. and the Trump family is primarily based on a mutually beneficial exchange of public opinion control and political resources. Bitcoin Magazine under BTC Inc. continuously endorsed the Trump family's crypto projects, such as reporting on the establishment of American Bitcoin and the progress of World Liberty Financial.
From financial support during the campaign to policy promotion at conferences, and to the commercial layout of mining companies, the two are inseparable. This "duet" inevitably triggers many external associations with their political influence and business ambitions.
"More and More MicroStrategy-Like Companies in the US Stock Market"
As Michael Saylor put it, the US stock market is also seeing more and more "MicroStrategy-like" companies. Upon closer examination of these "MicroStrategy-like" companies, it is evident that their motivations are not the same. Not every company is deeply integrating with Sora and UTXO like Metaplanet; some companies are more like "acting on loans," optimizing their balance sheets by holding Bitcoin, or doing so for market value management considerations.
Why Are US Stock Market Companies Buying Bitcoin?
Among the US stock market companies buying Bitcoin, GameStop may be a typical representative. The former offline gaming retail giant is attempting to prolong its life through a "hodl transformation", using Bitcoin as a hedge to alleviate inflation pressure and unsightly data on financial statements, more so out of "wanting to buy" rather than "having to buy."
Announcing the purchase of $1.5 billion in convertible bonds to buy Bitcoin and CEO Ryan Cohen's $10.7 million additional stock purchase both stimulated a short-term price surge, which quickly reversed. While the $1.5 billion investment is not insignificant, compared to GameStop's over $100 million loss in the 2024 financial report, it still seems like a drop in the bucket.
The GameStop saga seems more like an attempt to recreate the 2021 meme stock craze through the Bitcoin frenzy, with a strategy leaning more towards capital market maneuvers rather than business transformation.
Cohen's increased stake seems more like a short-term stimulus. Based on his experience of selling pet e-commerce Chewy for $3.2 billion, Ryan Cohen has always carried a strong e-commerce marketing flavor in his style.
According to media reports, although GameStop's total assets amount to $5.875 billion, nearly 81% of it is in cash reserves, and the operating cash flow is only $146 million, highlighting the company's profitability dilemma in its core business. Allocating a quarter of its assets to Bitcoin actually underscores GameStop's reliance on speculative strategies, showing a lack of resolution to its core business.
Another company facing a similar situation of stock price stagnation and ample cash is Semler Scientific. Chairman Eric Semler joined the board two years ago, calling himself a "boardroom radical." He described Semler at that time as a "money-making zombie company that was not recognized by the market," with an asset structure very similar to MicroStrategy in 2020: high cash reserves, low growth, and low valuation.
Semler chose not to pursue acquisitions or drastic business reforms but instead drove the company to incorporate Bitcoin into its treasury strategy, becoming the second publicly listed U.S. company to do so after MicroStrategy. This move triggered a reassessment of its value by the market and brought long-lost attention to its previously overlooked business.
However, not all companies blindly follow the "MicroStrategy-style" Bitcoin treasury operation trend. In October 2024, Microsoft seriously discussed whether to include Bitcoin in its balance sheet at a shareholder meeting but ultimately resoundingly voted against the proposal. The main concern was the high volatility of Bitcoin, which could disrupt the company's financial stability. Microsoft's CFO Amy Hood also clearly stated, "Our capital allocation is more focused on core growth areas such as AI and cloud computing, rather than speculative assets."
Can Anyone Be Like MicroStrategy?
Comparing these companies, it's easy to see that MicroStrategy deeply integrates Bitcoin into its financial structure for the long term. On the other hand, some companies are trying to use Bitcoin for self-rescue (Kongya), some see it as a financial hedge (Metaplanet), and some may just be seeking alpha (GameStop).
It's not accurate to call them "underachievers" imitating top performers. A more precise statement would be: they all want to do something with Bitcoin, just in different directions.
Currently, MicroStrategy's position is 27,987 times that of HKEX Holdings, 125 times that of Metaplanet, 30 times that of GameStop, and the positions of a series of other small companies are also very small. There is a significant gap in positions between MicroStrategy and these companies, and small-scale positions cannot really generate effective hedging effects.
The key difference lies in the overwhelming financing capability. MicroStrategy is like having unlimited ammunition, with the ability to issue bonds and super low borrowing rates, resulting in a relatively low blended cost of Bitcoin.
Since 2020, through debt issuance and stock offerings, a total of over $10 billion has been raised. In 2024, $1 billion in new shares will continue to increase the position. In the first quarter of 2025, a total of $7.69 billion was raised, with $4.4 billion used to purchase coins. This continuous financing capability has enabled MicroStrategy to continuously increase its position in the face of Bitcoin price fluctuations.
In contrast, HKEX Holdings sourced its coin purchase funds only from the acquisition by Sora Ventures and UTXO Management (at a cost of $126 million), with almost zero subsequent financing capability. Although Metaplanet raised funds through the issuance of zero-coupon bonds, the total investment is only about $250 million, far below MicroStrategy's scale. GameStop issued $1.5 billion in convertible bonds but announced a 22.1% stock price plunge thereafter, clearly demonstrating the market's lack of confidence in its financing.
From the stock market's perspective, the U.S. stock market has high liquidity, and Saylor's operations often quickly reflect in stock prices. HKEX Holdings is limited by the low liquidity of the Hong Kong stock market, where small-cap stocks are easily manipulated, and trends are more driven by retail investor sentiment. Metaplanet is constrained by the ceiling of the Japanese market itself, with relatively limited growth potential.
From the perspective of company ownership, Metaplanet, HKEX Holdings, and GameStop exhibit a highly dispersed ownership structure, with a large number of small and medium-sized investors in the shareholder composition, rather than being dominated by a single or a few large shareholders. Around 40% of GameStop's shares are held by retail investors, and a single post on Reddit or Twitter can cause its stock price to jump by a dozen or twenty points. Emotions come and go quickly, naturally leading to rapid price movements.
For secondary market investors, perhaps they are more like a leveraged BTC concept stock.

Chart: Metaplanet Shareholder Count Continues to Soar
Behind MicroStrategy stand stable large asset management companies such as BlackRock and Vanguard, with founder Saylor holding 20% of the company's shares, making it much more stable. One is like a cryptocurrency trading group, and the other is like a bond fund. It's not about which one is better, but about whether you want to chase a trend or play a long-term game.
In terms of market attention and importance, by 2024, MicroStrategy was included in the Nasdaq 100 Index, institutional ownership rose to 60%, Defiance and T-REX successively launched 2x long and short MicroStrategy leveraged ETFs (such as MSTX, SMST, MSTU). As of now, MicroStrategy is held by 216 ETFs, with VanEck having the heaviest allocation to it. The ETF halo is comparable to the "Big Seven" of the US stock market.
On the other hand, companies like GameStop, Metaplanet, and Kong Asia Holdings, among other "followers," do not have exclusive ETF products, and have not even been widely included in mainstream ETFs. In this exclusive club, without the backing of a stock index like Nasdaq, it is also difficult to receive the "golden touch" of the capital market.
“Fentanyl Addiction”: Risk of Stock Market Systemic Collapse
As of April 7, 2025, due to Trump's announcement of tariff increases, global markets experienced severe volatility, with the fallback in Bitcoin prices feeling like a cold wind blowing through. The stock prices of Hong Kong Stock 1723 (Kong Asia Holdings), GameStop, Metaplanet, and MicroStrategy all fell in response.
The highly correlated stock prices of these companies with the price of Bitcoin revealed an obvious risk: they are like the same type of tree planted on the same mountain, inevitably falling together when a storm hits. This “copycat” Bitcoin strategy may seem to bring short-term prosperity, but it also lays the groundwork for systemic collapse.
Companies that have bet their fate on a single Bitcoin asset, lacking diversification support, may face a series of events such as a breakdown in the funding chain, debt pressures, and a collapse of market confidence once Bitcoin market sentiment shifts or regulations tighten, triggering a chain reaction.
Although MicroStrategy appears somewhat stable due to its scale and first-mover advantage, the holding of over 440,000 BTC is backed by high leverage financing, and the risk of debt default cannot be ignored. On the other hand, Kong Asia Holdings 1723, GameStop, and Metaplanet have smaller capital bases and almost zero risk resistance. The essence of this strategy is to magnify speculation to the extreme, yet it has failed to build a moat around its core business.
Related Reading: "If MicroStrategy is forced to sell BTC, how much selling pressure will it bring to the market?"
The deeper issue is that most of these companies are not doing anything "real." HongYa Holdings' SIM card business is stagnant, GameStop's physical retail is on the decline, Metaplanet's Web3 transformation is all talk and no action, and even MicroStrategy's software business has long been marginalized.
They choose Bitcoin not because it synergizes with their core business, but because they see it as a "life-saving straw" in the capital markets. If companies in the stock market all give up on real business and instead chase speculative trends like BTC, one can't help but imagine that the entire economic ecosystem may become imbalanced.
Imagine if giants like Microsoft and Apple also gave up on technological innovation to hoard Bitcoin, where would the foundation of the global industry be? The real economy is the cornerstone of the economy; it creates value, addresses needs, and does not rely solely on financial leverage to create bubbles.
In summary, now that the tide is receding due to tariff shocks, those companies without solid business support are destined to be caught swimming naked. The capital markets should reward those who are down-to-earth and create long-term value, rather than blindly chasing speculative stories. After all, a healthy forest requires a diverse range of tree species, not just a single speculative tree.
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$COIN Joins S&P 500, but Coinbase Isn't Celebrating
On May 13, S&P Dow Jones Indices announced that Coinbase would officially replace Discover Financial Services in the S&P 500 on May 19. While other companies like Block and MicroStrategy, closely tied to Bitcoin, were already part of the S&P 500, Coinbase became the first cryptocurrency exchange whose primary business is in the index. This also signifies that cryptocurrency is gradually moving from the fringes to the mainstream in the U.S.
On the day of the announcement, Coinbase's stock price surged by 23%, surpassing the $250 mark. However, just 3 days later, Coinbase was hit by two consecutive events: a hack where employees were bribed to steal customer data and a demand for a $20 million ransom, and an investigation by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) into the authenticity of its claim of having over 100 million "verified users" in its securities filings and marketing materials. These two events acted as mini-bombs, and at the time of writing, Coinbase's stock had already dropped by over 7.3%.
Coincidentally, Discover Financial Services, being replaced by Coinbase, can also be considered the "Coinbase" of the previous payment era. Discover is a U.S.-based digital banking and payment services company headquartered in Illinois, founded in 1960. Its payment network, Discover Network, is the fourth largest payment network apart from Visa, Mastercard, and American Express.
In April, after the approval of the acquisition of Discover by the sixth-largest U.S. bank, Capital One, this well-established digital banking company of over 60 years smoothly handed over its S&P 500 "seat" to this emerging cryptocurrency "bank." This unexpected coincidence also portrayed the handover between the new and old eras in Coinbase's entry into the S&P 500, resembling a relay race scene. However, this relay baton also brought Coinbase's accumulated "external troubles and internal strife" to a tipping point.
Over the past decade, cryptocurrency exchanges have been the most stable "profit machines." They play a role in providing liquidity to the entire industry and rely on trading fees to sustain their operations. However, with the comprehensive rollout of ETF products in the U.S. market, this profit model is facing unprecedented challenges. As the leader in the "American stack," with over 80% of its business coming from the U.S., Coinbase is most affected by this.
Starting from the approval of Bitcoin and Ethereum spot ETFs, traditional financial capital has significantly onboarded users and funds that originally belonged to exchanges in a more cost-effective, compliant, and transparent manner. The transaction fee revenue of cryptocurrency exchanges has started to decline, and this trend may further intensify in the coming months.
According to Coinbase's 2024 Q4 financial report, the platform's total trading revenue was $417 million, a 45% year-on-year decrease. The contribution of BTC and ETH's trading revenue dropped from 65% in the same period last year to less than 50%.
This decline is not a result of a decrease in market enthusiasm. In fact, since the approval of the Bitcoin ETF in January 2024, the inflow of BTC into the U.S. market has continued to reach new highs, with asset management giants like BlackRock and Fidelity rapidly expanding their management scale. Data shows that BlackRock's iShares Bitcoin ETF (IBIT) alone has surpassed $17 billion in assets under management. As of mid-May 2025, the cumulative net inflow of 11 major institutional Bitcoin spot ETFs on the market has exceeded $41.5 billion, with a total net asset value of $1214.69 billion, accounting for approximately 5.91% of the total Bitcoin market capitalization.
Institutional investors and some retail investors are shifting towards ETF products, partly due to compliance and tax considerations. On one hand, ETFs have much lower trading costs compared to cryptocurrency exchanges. While Coinbase's spot trading fee rate varies annually in a tiered manner but averages around 1.49%, for example, the management fee for IBIT ETF is only 0.25%, and the majority of ETF institution fees fluctuate around 0.15% to 0.25%.
In other words, the more rational users are, the more likely they are to move from exchanges to ETF products, especially for investors aiming for long-term holdings.
According to multiple sources, several institutions, including VanEck and Grayscale, have submitted applications to the SEC for a Solana (SOL) ETF, with some institutions also planning to submit an XRP ETF proposal. Once approved, this may trigger a new round of fund migration. According to a report submitted by Coinbase to the SEC, as of April, the platform's trading revenue from XRP and Solana accounted for 18% and 10%, nearly one-third of the platform's fee revenue.
However, the Bitcoin and Ethereum ETFs passed in 2024 also reduced the fees for these two tokens on Coinbase from 30% and 15% to 26% and 10%, respectively. If the SOL and XRP ETFs are approved, it will further undermine the core fee revenue of exchanges like Coinbase.
The expansion of ETF products is gradually weakening the financial intermediary status of cryptocurrency exchanges. From their original roles as matchmakers and clearers to now gradually becoming mere "on-ramps and off-ramps" for funds, exchanges are seeing their marginal value squeezed by ETFs.
On May 12, 2025, SEC Chairman Paul S. Atkins gave a keynote speech at the Tokenization and Cryptocurrency Working Group roundtable. The theme of his speech revolved around "It is a new day at the SEC," where he indicated that the SEC would not approach enforcement and regulation the same way as before but would instead pave the way for cryptocurrency assets in the U.S. market.
With signs of cryptocurrency compliance such as the SEC's "NEW DAY" declaration, an increasing number of traditional brokerages are attempting to enter the cryptocurrency industry. One of the most representative cases is the well-known U.S. brokerage Robinhood, which began expanding its crypto business in 2018. By the time of its IPO in 2021, Robinhood's crypto business revenue accounted for over 50% of the company, with a significant boost from the Dogecoin "moonshot" promoted by Musk.
In Q1 2025 earnings report, Robinhood showcased strong growth, especially in revenue from cryptocurrency and options trading. Fueled by Trump's Memecoin, cryptocurrency-related revenue reached $250 million, nearly doubling year-over-year. Consequently, Robinhood Gold subscription users reached 3.5 million, a 90% increase from the previous year, with the rapid growth of Robinhood Gold providing the company with a stable source of income.
Meanwhile, RobinHood is actively pursuing acquisitions in the cryptocurrency space. In 2024, it announced a $2 billion acquisition of the long-standing European cryptocurrency exchange Bitstamp. Additionally, Canada's largest cryptocurrency CEX, WonderFi, which recently went public on the Toronto Stock Exchange, also announced its integration with RobinHood Crypto. After obtaining virtual asset licenses in the UK, Canada, Singapore, and other markets, RobinHood has taken a proactive approach in the compliant cryptocurrency trading market.
Furthermore, an increasing number of brokerage firms are exploring the same path. Futu Securities, Tiger Brokers, and others are also dipping their toes into cryptocurrency trading, with some having applied for or obtained the VA license from the Hong Kong SFC. Although their user bases are currently small, traditional brokerages have a natural advantage in user trust, regulatory licenses, and low fee structures. This could pose a threat to native cryptocurrency platforms in the future.
In April 2025, security researchers discovered that some Coinbase user data was leaked on the dark web. While the platform initially responded by attributing it to a "technical misinformation," it still raised concerns among users regarding its security and privacy protection. Just two days before Dow Jones Indexes announced Coinbase's addition to the S&P 500 Index, on May 11, 2025, Coinbase received an email from an unknown threat actor claiming to have obtained customer account information and internal documents, demanding a $20 million ransom to keep the data private. Subsequent investigations confirmed the data breach.
Cybercriminals obtained the data by bribing overseas customer service agents and support staff, mainly in "non-U.S. regions such as India." These agents abused their access to Coinbase's internal customer support system and stole customer data. As early as February this year, blockchain detective ZachXBT revealed on X platform that between December 2024 and January 2025, Coinbase users lost over $65 million to social engineering scams, with the actual amount potentially higher.
Among the victims was a well-known figure, 67-year-old Ed Suman, an established artist in the art world for nearly two decades, having been involved in the creation of artworks such as Jeff Koons' "Balloon Dog" sculpture. Earlier this year, he fell victim to an impersonation scam involving fake Coinbase customer support, resulting in a loss of over $2 million in cryptocurrency. ZachXBT critiqued Coinbase for its inadequate handling of such scams, noting that other major exchanges have not faced similar issues and recommending Coinbase to enhance its security measures.
Amidst a series of ongoing social engineering incidents, although there has not been any impact on user assets at the technical level so far, it has raised concerns among many retail and institutional investors. Especially institutions holding massive assets on Coinbase. Just considering the U.S. BTC ETF institutions, as of mid-May 2025, they collectively hold nearly 840,000 BTC, and 75% of these are custodied by Coinbase. If we price BTC at $100,000, this amount reaches a staggering $63 billion, which is equivalent to the nominal GDP of two Iceland in the year 2024.
In addition, Coinbase Custody also serves over 300 institutional clients, including hedge funds, family offices, pension funds, and endowments. As of the Q1 2025 financial report, Coinbase's total assets under management (including institutional and retail clients) reached $404 billion. The specific amount of institutional custodied assets was not explicitly disclosed in the latest report, but it should still be over 50% based on the Q4 2024 report.
Once this security barrier is breached, not only could the rate of user attrition far exceed expectations, but more importantly, institutional trust in it would undermine the foundation of its business. Therefore, after a hacking event, Coinbase's stock price plummeted significantly.
Facing a decline in spot trading fee revenue, Coinbase is also accelerating its transformation, attempting to find growth opportunities in derivatives and emerging assets. Coinbase acquired a stake in the options platform Deribit at the end of 2024 and announced the official launch of perpetual contract products in 2025. This acquisition fills in Coinbase's gap in options trading and its relatively small global market share.
Deribit has a strong presence in non-U.S. markets, especially in Asia and Europe. The acquisition has enabled Coinbase to gain a dominant position in bitcoin and ethereum options trading on Deribit, accounting for approximately 80% of the global options trading volume, with daily trading volume remaining above $2 billion.
Meanwhile, 80-90% of Deribit's customer base consists of institutional investors, with their professionalism and liquidity in the Bitcoin and Ethereum options market highly favored by institutions. Coinbase's compliance advantage, coupled with its already robust institutional ecosystem, makes it even more suitable. By using institutions as an entry point, it can face the squeeze from giants like Binance and OKX in the derivatives market.
Facing a similar dilemma is Kraken, which is attempting to replicate Binance Futures' model in non-U.S. markets. Since the derivatives market relies more on professional users, fee rates are relatively higher and stickiness is stronger, making it a significant source of revenue for exchanges. In the first half of 2025, Kraken completed the acquisition of TradeStation Crypto and a futures exchange, aiming to build a complete derivatives trading ecosystem to hedge the risk of declining spot transaction fee income.
With the surge of Memecoin in 2024, Binance, OKX, and various CEX platforms began massively listing small-market-cap, highly volatile tokens to activate active trading users. Due to the wealth effect and trading activity of Memecoins, Coinbase was also forced to join the battle, successively listing popular tokens from the Solana ecosystem such as BOOK OF MEME and Dogwifhat. Although these coins are controversial, they are frequently traded, with fee rates several times higher than mainstream coins, serving as a "blood-boosting" method for spot trading.
However, due to its status as a publicly traded company, this practice is a riskier endeavor for Coinbase. Even in the current crypto-friendly environment, the SEC is still investigating whether tokens like SOL, ADA, and SAND constitute securities.
In addition to the forced transformation strategies carried out by the aforementioned CEXs, they are also starting to lay out RWAs and the most talked-about stablecoin payment fields, such as the PYUSD launched through a collaboration between Coinbase and Paypal, Coinbase's support for the Euro stablecoin EURC by Circle that complies with EU MiCA regulatory requirements, or the USD1 launched through a collaboration between Binance and WIFL. In the increasingly crowded trading field, many CEXs have shifted their focus from just the trading market to the application field.
The golden age of transaction fees has quietly ended, and the second half of the crypto exchange platform game has silently begun.
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1.Binance Alpha Launches HIPPO, BLUE, and Other Tokens
2.Believe Ecosystem Tokens See General Rise, LAUNCHCOIN Surges Over 250% in 24 Hours
3.Tiger Securities Introduces Cryptocurrency Deposit and Withdrawal Service, Supports Mainstream Cryptocurrencies such as BTC and ETH
4.Current Bitcoin Rally Possibly Driven by Institutions, Retail Traders Yet to Join
5.Binance Wallet's New TGE Privasea AI Participation Requires a 198 Point Threshold, with a Point Consumption of 15
Source: Overheard on CT (tg: @overheardonct), Kaito
PUMP: Today's discussions about PUMP focus on its new creator revenue-sharing model: the platform will allocate 50% of PumpSwap revenue to token creators, sparking varied reactions from users. Some criticize the move as insufficient or even misleading, while others view it as a positive step the platform is taking to reward creators. Meanwhile, PUMP faces market pressure from emerging competitors like LetsBONKfun and Raydium, which are rapidly gaining market share. Users also express concerns about PUMP's sustainability and potential regulatory risks in the U.S., with discussions extending to the platform's impact on the entire memecoin ecosystem.
COINBASE: Today, Coinbase became the first crypto company to join the S&P 500 Index, replacing Discover Financial Services, sparking widespread industry attention. The entire crypto community views this milestone as a significant development, signaling that crypto assets are further integrating into the mainstream financial system. The news has sparked lively discussions on Twitter, with many users pointing out that this may attract more institutional investors to enter the Bitcoin and other cryptocurrency markets.
XRP: XRP became the focal point of today's crypto discussion, with its significant market movements and strategic advances drawing attention. XRP has surpassed USDT to become the third-largest cryptocurrency by market capitalization, sparking market excitement and discussions about its future potential. The surge in market capitalization and price is believed to be related to increasing institutional interest, deepening strategic partnerships, and its role in the crypto ecosystem. Additionally, XRP's integration into multiple financial systems and its potential as a macro asset class are also seen as key factors driving the current market sentiment.
DYDX: Today's discussions about DYDX mainly focused on the dYdX Yapper Leaderboard launched by KaitoAI. The leaderboard aims to identify the most active community participants, with a total of $150,000 in rewards to be distributed over the first three seasons. This initiative has sparked broad community participation, with many users discussing the potential rewards and the incentive effect on the DYDX ecosystem. Meanwhile, progress on the ethDYDX to dYdX native chain migration and historical airdrop events have also been topics of discussion.
1. "What Is 'ICM'? Holding Up the $4 Billion Market Cap Solana's New Narrative"
Overnight, the hottest narrative in the crypto space has become "Internet Capital Markets," with a host of crypto projects and founders, led by the Solana ecosystem's new Launchpad platform Believe, releasing this phrase. Together with "Believe in something," it has become the new slogan heralding the onset of a bull market. What exactly is the so-called "Internet Capital Market," will it become a short-lived hype phrase like the Base ecosystem's previous Content Coin, and what related targets are available for selection?2.《LaunchCoin Surges 20x in One Day, How Did Believe Create a $200M Market Cap Shiba Inu After Going to Zero?|100x Retrospective》
LAUNCHCOIN broke through a $200 million market cap today, with the long-lost liquidity and such a high market cap "Memecoin" almost bringing half of the on-chain crypto community CT into the fray. The community is crazily discussing this token, with half of it being FOMO and the other half being FUD. This token, originally issued by Believe founder Ben Pasternak under his personal identity, transformed into a new platform token after a renaming. From once going to zero to a $200 million market cap, what happened in between?May 14 On-chain Fund Flow
Within 24 hours, GOONC's market cap soared to 70 million, could GOONC be the next billion-dollar dog on the Believe platform?
Bitcoin has broken $100,000, Ethereum has surpassed 2500, and is Solana's hot streak about to make a comeback?
The current market is in a state of macro euphoria, with GOONC riding the wave today, skyrocketing 10x in just a few hours, reaching a market cap of tens of millions of dollars, trading volume soaring past 50 million, and rumors swirling that the developer may be from OpenAI (unconfirmed but intriguing enough).
A ludicrous and absurd Solana meme that some actually buy into.
GOONC is a meme coin that has sprouted from the "gooning" subculture, offering no technological innovation or practical use, its sole function being speculation.
It takes inspiration from an NSFW term "gooning," which refers to a person being deeply immersed in certain content (you know what), eventually entering a nearly religious-like trance.
In Reddit (such as r/GOONED, r/GoonCaves) and some counterculture media outlets (such as MEL Magazine in 2020), "gooning" has gradually transitioned from an adult label to a meme-addicted, digital content and virtual self-indulgence synonym, arguably the epitome of Degen spirit.
GOONC is playing around with this concept, packaging the addictive nature, uselessness, and irony of gooning into a tradable financial product. The project team has made it clear: "We do not solve blockchain problems, we only trade absurdity." Blunt but oddly genuine.
GOONC launched on May 13, 2025, using the meme coin launch platform Believe App's LaunchCoin module on Solana. This tool is highly Degen: zero technical barriers, a few clicks to create a coin, perfect for projects like GOONC that can come up with ideas out of the blue.
The mastermind behind GOONC is also quite something and is the most talked-about, with KOL @basedalexandoor on X platform (alias "Pata van Goon") personally involved. His profile even caught the attention of Marc Andreessen, co-founder of a16z, making onlookers unable to resist speculating if GOONC has a hint of OpenAI lineage.
While this 'OpenAI Endorsement' is currently just community speculation, it is definitely a good card to play to fuel hype. Saying "we are pure speculation" on one hand, while tagging a few "AI + a16z" on the other.
GOONC took off as soon as it launched. After its launch on May 13, 2025, its market capitalization skyrocketed to $22 million within 4 hours, with a trading volume exceeding $25.6 million in 24 hours. According to platform data, the first day of trading saw an astonishing +41,100% surge, soaring from $0.0000001 to $0.02, becoming a "missed-the-boat" situation.
GOONC quickly formed an active trading community post-launch, with a lot of discussion and trading signals appearing on X platform (such as the 292x return signal provided by DeBot). Liquidity pools on exchanges like Raydium and Meteora grew rapidly, supporting high trading volumes and price increases.
The real climax occurred between May 13 and May 14, with the market cap rising to $5.5 million in the morning and directly surpassing $55 million in the afternoon. By the 14th, it briefly approached a $70 million market cap, with the trading volume soaring to $59 million. Some community members even posted screenshots claiming an increase of +85,000%, creating a new myth out of the ruins.
As of 1:30 pm on May 14, the price stabilized around $0.039, with a total market cap and FDV both around $39.6 million, and a 24-hour trading volume of $5.43 million. Active platforms include XT.COM, LBank, Meteora, and others.
Although there was a slight pullback from the peak ($0.07), the coin's popularity remains strong. For a coin that relies purely on "irony + community + X post" to thrive, this performance is already at a stellar level.
Currently, the background of the token's development team is not transparent, increasing the potential risk of a rug pull. Rugcheck.xyz warns that the creator of the GOONC contract may have permission to modify the contract (e.g., change fees or mint additional tokens), posing certain security risks.
Community members speculate that the meteoric rise of GOONC may be the "last hurrah".
After Surging 40%, Has Ethereum Price Peaked Upon Exiting the Craze?
Whether you are an insider or an outsider, these days you must be familiar with the news about Ethereum. The reason is simple, causing Ethereum enthusiasts to sigh with emotion and almost throwing off-guard those who defend Ethereum, Ethereum, with a "3-day surge of 40%," climbed to the top of the Douyin Hot List.
As we all know, Ethereum launched the Pectra upgrade on May 7th. This most significant network upgrade since early 2024 integrates the Prague execution layer hard fork and the Electra consensus layer upgrade, significantly improving Ethereum's performance through 11 improvement proposals. The account abstraction feature (EIP-7702) allows users to flexibly manage wallets through social media accounts or multi-signature schemes, reducing the user threshold, attracting more users and developers. The staking mechanism optimization increases the validator ETH cap from 32ETH to 2048ETH and introduces a flexible withdrawal method, making it easier for institutions and individuals to participate in network security, enhancing the market's confidence in Ethereum's long-term value.
At the same time, Pectra optimized the interaction efficiency of Layer 2 networks such as Arbitrum and Optimism, making transactions faster and cheaper, leading to a surge in on-chain activity. As a crucial step for Ethereum's transition from "2G" to "5G," the Pectra upgrade not only enhances network vitality but also "recharges confidence" in the market, directly driving the price increase.
Related Reading: "Ethereum Skyrockets 22% in One Day, E Enthusiasts Rejoice"
It's not just Ethereum itself, as Wall Street also brought important bullish news.
The world's largest asset management company, BlackRock, proposed to the SEC allowing Ethereum ETFs for staking. This proposal is expected to elevate Ethereum ETFs from a mere investment tool to a bond-like "interest-bearing asset," bringing investors both capital appreciation and passive income, igniting market optimism about Ethereum's future potential.
Specifically, BlackRock has proposed to amend its S-1 filing to allow investors to create and redeem ETF shares directly with Ethereum instead of the U.S. dollar (i.e., in-kind redemption). This move, combined with its $2.9 billion BUIDL Fund launched in March 2024, aims to deepen the integration of traditional finance with blockchain. The BUIDL Fund is a tokenized fund operating on the Ethereum network, investing in traditional assets such as U.S. Treasury bonds. This setup is highly attractive to institutional investors, as they can not only benefit from Ethereum's price appreciation but also earn stable cash flow through staking.
Robert Mitchnick, BlackRock's Head of Digital Assets, stated in a CNBC interview in March 2025 that the addition of staking functionality will significantly enhance the appeal of the Ethereum ETF. He admitted that when the Ethereum spot ETF was launched in July 2024 without staking functionality, the market demand was lackluster, and staking could be the key to reversing this trend.
Meanwhile, the SEC's shifting stance on cryptocurrency regulation has also fueled this upward trend. During the tenure of the previous SEC chairman, the regulatory approach was tough, and staking was strictly viewed through the Howey test as a potential unregistered security. Therefore, when approving the Ethereum spot ETF in May 2024, staking functionality was explicitly prohibited.
However, with Trump back in the White House and Paul Atkins taking over the SEC, there has been a noticeable relaxation in crypto regulation. Apart from BlackRock, ETF issuers such as Invesco Galaxy, VanEck, WisdomTree, and 21Shares have also submitted applications for similar staking and in-kind redemption.
Related reading: "New Chairman Takes Office, SEC Transforms into 'Crypto Daddy' Within 48 Hours"
If staking ETFs are approved, the benefits are likely to go beyond price appreciation. The introduction of staking functionality could redefine the role of crypto assets, making them more similar to traditional financial products that provide returns and value appreciation, thereby driving Ethereum closer to mainstream finance.
Currently, the SEC still needs to address several decisions related to crypto ETFs, including whether to approve ETFs for Solana, XRP, Litecoin, and even Dogecoin. With the calls for an "altcoin season" growing louder, Ethereum's strong performance may just be the beginning of a larger crypto market frenzy.
In addition, the Trump family-related DeFi project WLFI is also bullish on this wave of rise, with frequent on-chain activities. According to on-chain data analyst @ai_9684xtpa's monitoring, a WLFI-related address is currently borrowing coins to go long on ETH, borrowing 4 million U from Aave to buy 1590 ETH at an average price of $2515 per ETH.
For this epic surge of Ethereum after half a year of silence, the community has indeed gained more confidence and hope, which has also led to a revival of the entire altcoin market. However, amidst the joy, there are also voices of pessimism. Below is a summary conducted by BlockBeats based on community discussions.
The optimists point out that the current market structure is similar to the eve of the bull markets in 2016 and 2020, predicting a life-changing surge in the next 3-6 months, where some altcoins may even achieve astonishing single-day gains of up to 40%.
@liuwei16602825 stated that this surge signifies the return of the bull market as a sure thing. There is no need to worry about a pullback. The driving force behind the surge uses a high-cost isolated operation, fearing a drop more than any retail investor and will definitely do everything to support the price.
Related Reading: "Ethereum Leads the Surge Triggering the 'Altcoin Season' Speculation, How Do Traders View the Future Market?"
The bears mainly believe that this surge is different from the bull market of 2021, as the current market lacks the confidence of large-scale retail investors entering and holding positions for the long term, with funds rotating too quickly.
@market_beggar observed that a Bitfinex E/B whale has started to close positions and believes that if this whale maintains its high-speed position-closing operation for the next few days, it can be inferred that the whale no longer sees the upside potential of ETH, preparing to take profits and exit. The closing time will be a key focus going forward.
@FLS_OTC stated that there are still many uncertainties at the macro level, and the liquidity cannot support a major bull market. At this stage, it is a "last hurrah," not a complete reversal, and will continue to remain in a short position.
@off_thetarget believes that after ETH transitioned from POW to POS, it lost the "gold standard" of mining machine power cost support. The staking economic model led to a breakdown in value anchoring. Additionally, the L2 ecosystem (such as Starknet, zkSync, etc.) suffered from liquidity fragmentation, failing to establish an effective capital inflow mechanism, causing the collapse of the split disc pattern. Furthermore, the ETH community's excessive pursuit of technical narratives divorced from real-world needs resulted in a weak ecosystem growth. Therefore, he believes that ETH's intrinsic value system has crumbled, and the price is bound to plummet to the 800-1200 range, with a decisive short position at 1800.
@Airdrop_Guard, based on the core logic of the "High Probability Trading Strategy," where three sets of underlying logic different trading systems (such as volume depletion, price supply-demand, long/short position funding rate, etc.) simultaneously issue a short signal at the same point (2580), creating a high-probability trading opportunity. He emphasizes that these systems must be based on different algorithms and logics (rather than mere technical indicator overlays). The current ETH trend aligns with the short conditions in multiple independent dimensions of his trading system, hence the decision to short.
Overall, Bitcoin still maintains over 54% market dominance, and institutional funds' continued preference for it may limit the altcoin's upward potential. The market's future direction will depend on multiple factors, such as Bitcoin's price trend, global macroeconomic conditions, and whether funds can effectively rotate from Bitcoin to the altcoin sector.
Although Ethereum's recent leadership in the market has brought about optimistic sentiment, investors still need to remain rational as different sectors of altcoins are likely to show divergence in trends. Whether this round of Ethereum's rise will usher in a true altcoin frenzy may require more time and conducive conditions.
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$COIN Joins S&P 500, but Coinbase Isn't Celebrating
On May 13, S&P Dow Jones Indices announced that Coinbase would officially replace Discover Financial Services in the S&P 500 on May 19. While other companies like Block and MicroStrategy, closely tied to Bitcoin, were already part of the S&P 500, Coinbase became the first cryptocurrency exchange whose primary business is in the index. This also signifies that cryptocurrency is gradually moving from the fringes to the mainstream in the U.S.
On the day of the announcement, Coinbase's stock price surged by 23%, surpassing the $250 mark. However, just 3 days later, Coinbase was hit by two consecutive events: a hack where employees were bribed to steal customer data and a demand for a $20 million ransom, and an investigation by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) into the authenticity of its claim of having over 100 million "verified users" in its securities filings and marketing materials. These two events acted as mini-bombs, and at the time of writing, Coinbase's stock had already dropped by over 7.3%.
Coincidentally, Discover Financial Services, being replaced by Coinbase, can also be considered the "Coinbase" of the previous payment era. Discover is a U.S.-based digital banking and payment services company headquartered in Illinois, founded in 1960. Its payment network, Discover Network, is the fourth largest payment network apart from Visa, Mastercard, and American Express.
In April, after the approval of the acquisition of Discover by the sixth-largest U.S. bank, Capital One, this well-established digital banking company of over 60 years smoothly handed over its S&P 500 "seat" to this emerging cryptocurrency "bank." This unexpected coincidence also portrayed the handover between the new and old eras in Coinbase's entry into the S&P 500, resembling a relay race scene. However, this relay baton also brought Coinbase's accumulated "external troubles and internal strife" to a tipping point.
Over the past decade, cryptocurrency exchanges have been the most stable "profit machines." They play a role in providing liquidity to the entire industry and rely on trading fees to sustain their operations. However, with the comprehensive rollout of ETF products in the U.S. market, this profit model is facing unprecedented challenges. As the leader in the "American stack," with over 80% of its business coming from the U.S., Coinbase is most affected by this.
Starting from the approval of Bitcoin and Ethereum spot ETFs, traditional financial capital has significantly onboarded users and funds that originally belonged to exchanges in a more cost-effective, compliant, and transparent manner. The transaction fee revenue of cryptocurrency exchanges has started to decline, and this trend may further intensify in the coming months.
According to Coinbase's 2024 Q4 financial report, the platform's total trading revenue was $417 million, a 45% year-on-year decrease. The contribution of BTC and ETH's trading revenue dropped from 65% in the same period last year to less than 50%.
This decline is not a result of a decrease in market enthusiasm. In fact, since the approval of the Bitcoin ETF in January 2024, the inflow of BTC into the U.S. market has continued to reach new highs, with asset management giants like BlackRock and Fidelity rapidly expanding their management scale. Data shows that BlackRock's iShares Bitcoin ETF (IBIT) alone has surpassed $17 billion in assets under management. As of mid-May 2025, the cumulative net inflow of 11 major institutional Bitcoin spot ETFs on the market has exceeded $41.5 billion, with a total net asset value of $1214.69 billion, accounting for approximately 5.91% of the total Bitcoin market capitalization.
Institutional investors and some retail investors are shifting towards ETF products, partly due to compliance and tax considerations. On one hand, ETFs have much lower trading costs compared to cryptocurrency exchanges. While Coinbase's spot trading fee rate varies annually in a tiered manner but averages around 1.49%, for example, the management fee for IBIT ETF is only 0.25%, and the majority of ETF institution fees fluctuate around 0.15% to 0.25%.
In other words, the more rational users are, the more likely they are to move from exchanges to ETF products, especially for investors aiming for long-term holdings.
According to multiple sources, several institutions, including VanEck and Grayscale, have submitted applications to the SEC for a Solana (SOL) ETF, with some institutions also planning to submit an XRP ETF proposal. Once approved, this may trigger a new round of fund migration. According to a report submitted by Coinbase to the SEC, as of April, the platform's trading revenue from XRP and Solana accounted for 18% and 10%, nearly one-third of the platform's fee revenue.
However, the Bitcoin and Ethereum ETFs passed in 2024 also reduced the fees for these two tokens on Coinbase from 30% and 15% to 26% and 10%, respectively. If the SOL and XRP ETFs are approved, it will further undermine the core fee revenue of exchanges like Coinbase.
The expansion of ETF products is gradually weakening the financial intermediary status of cryptocurrency exchanges. From their original roles as matchmakers and clearers to now gradually becoming mere "on-ramps and off-ramps" for funds, exchanges are seeing their marginal value squeezed by ETFs.
On May 12, 2025, SEC Chairman Paul S. Atkins gave a keynote speech at the Tokenization and Cryptocurrency Working Group roundtable. The theme of his speech revolved around "It is a new day at the SEC," where he indicated that the SEC would not approach enforcement and regulation the same way as before but would instead pave the way for cryptocurrency assets in the U.S. market.
With signs of cryptocurrency compliance such as the SEC's "NEW DAY" declaration, an increasing number of traditional brokerages are attempting to enter the cryptocurrency industry. One of the most representative cases is the well-known U.S. brokerage Robinhood, which began expanding its crypto business in 2018. By the time of its IPO in 2021, Robinhood's crypto business revenue accounted for over 50% of the company, with a significant boost from the Dogecoin "moonshot" promoted by Musk.
In Q1 2025 earnings report, Robinhood showcased strong growth, especially in revenue from cryptocurrency and options trading. Fueled by Trump's Memecoin, cryptocurrency-related revenue reached $250 million, nearly doubling year-over-year. Consequently, Robinhood Gold subscription users reached 3.5 million, a 90% increase from the previous year, with the rapid growth of Robinhood Gold providing the company with a stable source of income.
Meanwhile, RobinHood is actively pursuing acquisitions in the cryptocurrency space. In 2024, it announced a $2 billion acquisition of the long-standing European cryptocurrency exchange Bitstamp. Additionally, Canada's largest cryptocurrency CEX, WonderFi, which recently went public on the Toronto Stock Exchange, also announced its integration with RobinHood Crypto. After obtaining virtual asset licenses in the UK, Canada, Singapore, and other markets, RobinHood has taken a proactive approach in the compliant cryptocurrency trading market.
Furthermore, an increasing number of brokerage firms are exploring the same path. Futu Securities, Tiger Brokers, and others are also dipping their toes into cryptocurrency trading, with some having applied for or obtained the VA license from the Hong Kong SFC. Although their user bases are currently small, traditional brokerages have a natural advantage in user trust, regulatory licenses, and low fee structures. This could pose a threat to native cryptocurrency platforms in the future.
In April 2025, security researchers discovered that some Coinbase user data was leaked on the dark web. While the platform initially responded by attributing it to a "technical misinformation," it still raised concerns among users regarding its security and privacy protection. Just two days before Dow Jones Indexes announced Coinbase's addition to the S&P 500 Index, on May 11, 2025, Coinbase received an email from an unknown threat actor claiming to have obtained customer account information and internal documents, demanding a $20 million ransom to keep the data private. Subsequent investigations confirmed the data breach.
Cybercriminals obtained the data by bribing overseas customer service agents and support staff, mainly in "non-U.S. regions such as India." These agents abused their access to Coinbase's internal customer support system and stole customer data. As early as February this year, blockchain detective ZachXBT revealed on X platform that between December 2024 and January 2025, Coinbase users lost over $65 million to social engineering scams, with the actual amount potentially higher.
Among the victims was a well-known figure, 67-year-old Ed Suman, an established artist in the art world for nearly two decades, having been involved in the creation of artworks such as Jeff Koons' "Balloon Dog" sculpture. Earlier this year, he fell victim to an impersonation scam involving fake Coinbase customer support, resulting in a loss of over $2 million in cryptocurrency. ZachXBT critiqued Coinbase for its inadequate handling of such scams, noting that other major exchanges have not faced similar issues and recommending Coinbase to enhance its security measures.
Amidst a series of ongoing social engineering incidents, although there has not been any impact on user assets at the technical level so far, it has raised concerns among many retail and institutional investors. Especially institutions holding massive assets on Coinbase. Just considering the U.S. BTC ETF institutions, as of mid-May 2025, they collectively hold nearly 840,000 BTC, and 75% of these are custodied by Coinbase. If we price BTC at $100,000, this amount reaches a staggering $63 billion, which is equivalent to the nominal GDP of two Iceland in the year 2024.
In addition, Coinbase Custody also serves over 300 institutional clients, including hedge funds, family offices, pension funds, and endowments. As of the Q1 2025 financial report, Coinbase's total assets under management (including institutional and retail clients) reached $404 billion. The specific amount of institutional custodied assets was not explicitly disclosed in the latest report, but it should still be over 50% based on the Q4 2024 report.
Once this security barrier is breached, not only could the rate of user attrition far exceed expectations, but more importantly, institutional trust in it would undermine the foundation of its business. Therefore, after a hacking event, Coinbase's stock price plummeted significantly.
Facing a decline in spot trading fee revenue, Coinbase is also accelerating its transformation, attempting to find growth opportunities in derivatives and emerging assets. Coinbase acquired a stake in the options platform Deribit at the end of 2024 and announced the official launch of perpetual contract products in 2025. This acquisition fills in Coinbase's gap in options trading and its relatively small global market share.
Deribit has a strong presence in non-U.S. markets, especially in Asia and Europe. The acquisition has enabled Coinbase to gain a dominant position in bitcoin and ethereum options trading on Deribit, accounting for approximately 80% of the global options trading volume, with daily trading volume remaining above $2 billion.
Meanwhile, 80-90% of Deribit's customer base consists of institutional investors, with their professionalism and liquidity in the Bitcoin and Ethereum options market highly favored by institutions. Coinbase's compliance advantage, coupled with its already robust institutional ecosystem, makes it even more suitable. By using institutions as an entry point, it can face the squeeze from giants like Binance and OKX in the derivatives market.
Facing a similar dilemma is Kraken, which is attempting to replicate Binance Futures' model in non-U.S. markets. Since the derivatives market relies more on professional users, fee rates are relatively higher and stickiness is stronger, making it a significant source of revenue for exchanges. In the first half of 2025, Kraken completed the acquisition of TradeStation Crypto and a futures exchange, aiming to build a complete derivatives trading ecosystem to hedge the risk of declining spot transaction fee income.
With the surge of Memecoin in 2024, Binance, OKX, and various CEX platforms began massively listing small-market-cap, highly volatile tokens to activate active trading users. Due to the wealth effect and trading activity of Memecoins, Coinbase was also forced to join the battle, successively listing popular tokens from the Solana ecosystem such as BOOK OF MEME and Dogwifhat. Although these coins are controversial, they are frequently traded, with fee rates several times higher than mainstream coins, serving as a "blood-boosting" method for spot trading.
However, due to its status as a publicly traded company, this practice is a riskier endeavor for Coinbase. Even in the current crypto-friendly environment, the SEC is still investigating whether tokens like SOL, ADA, and SAND constitute securities.
In addition to the forced transformation strategies carried out by the aforementioned CEXs, they are also starting to lay out RWAs and the most talked-about stablecoin payment fields, such as the PYUSD launched through a collaboration between Coinbase and Paypal, Coinbase's support for the Euro stablecoin EURC by Circle that complies with EU MiCA regulatory requirements, or the USD1 launched through a collaboration between Binance and WIFL. In the increasingly crowded trading field, many CEXs have shifted their focus from just the trading market to the application field.
The golden age of transaction fees has quietly ended, and the second half of the crypto exchange platform game has silently begun.
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